James Joseph Brown (May 3, 1933 - December 25, 2006) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, musician, record producer and recalcitrant. An ancestor of funk music and the main character of 20th century popular music and dance, he is often referred to as the "Godfather of Soul". In a career that lasted for 50 years, he influenced the development of several musical genres.
Brown started his career as a gospel singer in Toccoa, Georgia. She joins the vocal group R & amp; B, Starlighters Gospel (which later evolved into Flames) founded by Bobby Byrd, where he is the lead vocalist. First came to the national public attention in the late 1950s as a member of the Famous Flames chanting group with ballads hit "Please, Please, Please" and "Try Me", Brown built a reputation as a tireless live player with Famous Flames and bands His supporters, sometimes known as James Brown Band or James Brown Orchestra. His success peaked in 1960 with live albums Live at the Apollo and hit singles such as "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag", "I Got You (I Feel Good)" and "It's a Man's Human World Man ". During the late 1960s he switched from the blues continuum and gospel-based forms and styles to a deeply embedded "Africanization" approach to the making of music that influenced the development of funk music. In the early 1970s, Brown had completely set the funk sound after the establishment of J.B. with notes like "Get Up (I Feel Like Being)" and "The Payback" Sex Machine. He also became famous for social commentary songs, including the 1968 hit "Say It Loud - I'm Black and I'm Proud". Brown continued to perform and record until his death from pneumonia in 2006.
Brown recorded 17 singles that reached number one on the Billboard R & amps chart. B. He also holds the record for most of the singles listed on the Hot 100 Billboard chart that did not reach number one. Brown has received awards from many institutions, including induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In Joel Whitburn's analysis of Billboard R & amp; B from 1942 to 2010, James Brown was ranked number one in The Top 500 Artists. She is ranked seventh in Rolling Stone music magazine, a list of the 100 greatest artists of all time. Rolling Stone also quotes Brown as the most sampled artist of all time. Early life
Brown was born on May 3, 1933, in Barnwell, South Carolina, to a 16-year-old Susie (nÃÆ' Â © e Behling, 1917-2003) and Joseph Gardner Brown (1911-1993) aged 22, in a wooden hut. Brown's name should have been Joseph James Brown Jr., but his first and middle name were mistakenly reversed on his birth certificate. He then officially changed his name to remove "Jr." His parents are both African-American; in his autobiography, Brown states that he also has Chinese ancestors and Native Americans. The Brown family lived in extreme poverty in Elko, South Carolina, which was a poor town at the time. They then moved to Augusta, Georgia, when James was four or five. Her family first settled in one of her aunt's brothels. They then moved into the house with his other aunt. Mrs. Brown eventually left the family after a controversial marriage and moved to New York. Brown spent long hours alone, hanging out in the streets and hurrying to survive. She managed to stay in school until sixth grade.
He began singing in talent shows as a young boy, first appearing at the Augusta Lenox Theater in 1944, winning the show after singing the ballad "So Long". While in Augusta, Brown performed a buck dance for change to entertain troops from Camp Gordon at the start of World War II when their convoy traveled through a canal bridge near his aunt's home. He learned to play piano, guitar, and harmonica during this period. He became inspired to be an entertainer after hearing "Caldonia" by Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five. In his teenage years, Brown had a career as a boxer. At the age of 16, he was convicted of robbery and sent to a juvenile detention center in Toccoa. There, he formed a Gospel quartet with his four cell partners, including Johnny Terry. Different stories about how Brown finally reached parole. According to one story, Bobby Byrd's family helped to secure early release, while another version of the event had Brown gained parole after SC Lawson, owner of a car and motorcycle manufacturing company, agreed to sponsor it, provided that Brown's pledge to pursue a two-year work commitment. He was released on June 14, 1952. After his release, he joined the gospel group and had several jobs, worked for Lawson Motor Company and as a janitor at a local school. Brown and Bobby Byrd reportedly met and became friends after Brown's release from prison.
Video James Brown
Music career
1953-1961: The Famous Flames
Brown joined the Byrd group, which was performed under two names: Gospel Starlighters, acappella gospel group, and Avons, an R & amp band; B. He is said to have joined the band after one of his members, Troy Collins, was killed. Together with Brown and Byrd, the group consists of Sylvester Keels, Doyle Oglesby, Fred Pulliam, Nash Knox, and Nafloyd Scott. Influenced by R & amp; B like Hank Ballard and Midnighters, Orioles and Billy Ward and Domino, the group changed its name, first to Toccoa Band and then to Flames. Brother Nafloyd, Baroy, later joined the group with a bass guitar, and Brown, Byrd and Keels replaced lead positions and instruments, often playing drums and pianos. Johnny Terry then joined, by that time Pulliam and Oglesby had long gone.
Berry Trimier became the group's first manager, ordering it at a party near college in Georgia and South Carolina. The group has earned the reputation of being a hands-on action when they name themselves Famous Flames. In 1955, the group contacted Little Richard while performing in Macon. Richard convinced the group to connect with his manager at the time, Clint Brantley, at his nightclub. Brantley agrees to manage them after seeing the group audition. He then sent them to local radio stations to record demo sessions, where they performed their own compositions "Please, Please, Please", which was inspired when Little Richard wrote the title words on napkins and Brown was determined to make a song out of it. The Famous Flames was eventually signed with a subsidiary of King Records in Cincinnati, Ohio, and released a re-recorded version of "Please, Please, Please" in March 1956. The song became a hit R & R first, selling more than one million copies. None of their follow-ups achieved similar success. In 1957, Brown replaced Clint Brantley as manager and hired Ben Bart, head of Universal Attractions Agency. That year the original Flames broke up, after Bart renamed the group to "James Brown and The Famous Flames".
In October 1958, Brown released the ballad "Try Me", which reached number one on the R & D chart; B in early 1959, being the first of seventeen R & amps hit; B chart-topping. Shortly thereafter, he recruited his first band, led by JC Davis, and reunited with Bobby Byrd who joined the Famous Fire back lineup which included Eugene "Baby" Lloyd Stallworth and Bobby Bennett, with Johnny Terry occasionally coming as " The fifth fire ". Brown, Flames, and the rest of his band debuted at the Apollo Theater on April 24, 1959, opening for Brown's idol, Little Willie John. Federal Records released two albums credited to Brown and the Famous Flames (both containing previously released singles). In 1960, Brown began multi-tasking in a recording studio involving himself, his singing group, Famous Flames, and his band, a separate entity from The Flames, sometimes named James Brown Orchestra or James Brown Band. That year the band released the top ten R & amp; B hit "(Do the) Mashed Potatoes" on Dade Records, owned by Henry Stone, which was billed under the pseudonym "Nat Kendrick & the Swans" due to label problems. As a result of its success, President King Syd Nathan transfers Brown's contract from the Federal to the parent label, King, which Brown says in his autobiography means "You get more support from the company". While with King, Brown, under the ranks of Famous Flames, released the album Think! and the following year released two albums with James Brown Band producing a second billing. With Famous Flames, Brown sings more hits, including "I'll Go Crazy" and "Think", songs that signal the style that appears.
1962-1966: Mr. Dynamite
In 1962, Brown and his band scored a hit with their instrumental "Night Train" cover, becoming not only the top five R & amp; B single but also first in the top 40 Brown on the Billboard Hot 100. In the same year, ballads "Lost Someone" and "Baby You're Right", the last of Joe Tex's compositions, added to his repertoire and enhanced his reputation with an R & ; B. On October 24, 1962, Brown financed live recording performances at Apollo and convinced Syd Nathan to release the album, despite Nathan's belief that no one would buy a live album due to the fact that his single Brown had been purchased and that the live album was usually the seller bad.
Live at the Apollo was released in June and became a direct hit, eventually reaching number two on the Top LPs chart and selling over a million copies, remaining on the charts for 14 months. In 1963, Brown scored his first 20 pop hits by performing the standard song "Prisoner of Love". He also launched his first label, Try Me Records, which included recordings by people like Tammy Montgomery (later known as Tammi Terrell), Johnny & Bill (Famous Flames associates Johnny Terry and Bill Hollings) and the Poets, which is another name used for Brown's backing band. During this time Brown started an ill-fated two-year relationship with 17-year-old Tammi Terrell when he sang in his performance. Terrell ended their personal and professional relationship because of his rude behavior.
In 1964, seeking greater commercial success, Brown and Bobby Byrd formed a production company, the Fair Agreement, which links the operation to the Mercury brand, Smash Records. King Records, however, fought against this and granted Brown's order of preventing the release of recordings for labels. Prior to the order, Brown has released three vocal singles, including the blues hit "Out of Sight", which further indicates the direction his music will take. Touring throughout the year, Brown and the Famous Flames grabbed national attention after giving a stunning performance in the live concert film The T.A.M.I. Show . The dynamic songs of the Flames Gospels, polished choreography and the time and energetic dance moves of Brown and high octane songs outweigh the proposed closing action, the Rolling Stones. After signing a new contract with King, Brown released his song "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag", which became his first pop hit and won his first Grammy Award. Then in 1965, he released "I Got You", which became his second single in a row to reach number one on the R & amp; B and ten on the pop chart. Brown followed it up with a ballad "This is Man Man's Man's World" which confirms his position as a top-ranked player, especially with R & amp; B since then.
1967-1970: Soul Brother No. No. 1
In 1967, Brown's new voice began to be defined as funk music. That year he released what some critics have called the first true funk song, "Cold Sweat", which reached number one on the R & amp; B (Top 10 Pop) and became one of his first recordings of drum breaks and also the first to feature harmony reduced to one tone. The instrumental arrangements on songs like "Give It Up or Turnit A Loose" and "Licking Stick-Licking Stick" (both recorded in 1968) and "Funky Drummer" (recorded in 1969) featured a more developed version of Brown in the mid-1960s, style, with horn sections, guitars, bass and drums incorporated in intricate rhythmic patterns based on multiple interlocking riffs.
Changes in Brown style that began with "Cold Sweat" also formed the musical foundation for Brown hit songs, such as "I Got the Feelin '" (1968) and "Mother Popcorn" (1969). At this time, Brown's vocals often take the form of rhythmic declamation, not quite sung but not enough spoken, which only occasionally displays a tone or melody. This will be a major influence on rap techniques, which will mature together with hip hop music in the coming decades. Brown's funk style in the late 1960s was based on interrelated parts: twisting bass lines, syncoped drum patterns, and iconic percussion guitar riffs. Ostinatos main guitar for "Is not It Funky" and "Give It Up or Turn It Loose" (both 1969), are examples of Brown's refinement of New Orleans funk; an irresistible riff, stripped down to its rhythmic essence. On both records the tonal structure is bare bones. The point-attack pattern is emphasis, not the pattern of pitches. As if the guitar is an African drum, or idiophone. Alexander Stewart states that this popular feeling is inherited from "New Orleans - through James Brown music, to popular music in the 1970s." The same track was later awakened by countless hip-hop musicians from the 1970s onwards. As a result, James Brown remains to this day the most exemplary recording artist in the world.
"Bring it Up" has a structure similar to the Afro-Cuban guajeo. These three guitar riffs are based on onbeat/offbeat structures. Stewart stated: "This model, to be noted, is different from the timeline (like clave and tresillo) because it's not the right pattern, but rather the loosely organizing principle."
It was around this time as the musician's popularity increased that he earned the nickname "Soul Brother No. 1", having failed to win the King of Soul title from Solomon Burke during the Chicago show two years earlier. Brown footage during this period affects musicians throughout the industry, especially groups such as Sly and Family Stone, Funkadelic, Charles Wright & Band Rhythm Watts 103rd Street, Booker T. & amp; the M.G.s and vocalists such as Edwin Starr, David Ruffin and Dennis Edwards of The Temptations, and Michael Jackson, who, throughout his career, referred to Brown as his main idol.
Brown bands during this period employed musicians and arranger who emerged through the jazz tradition. He is best known for his ability as a stubborn and songwriter to blend the simplicity and impetus of R & B with the complexity of rhythm and jazz precision. Trumpeter Lewis Hamlin and saxophonist/keyboardist Alfred "Pee Wee" Ellis (successor of the previous band leader, Nat Jones) lead the band. Guitarist Jimmy Nolen gives percussion, a deceptively simple riff for every song, and the famous Maceo Parker saxophone solo gives a focal point for many performances. Other members of the Brown band include supporters of the famous Flames and sideman Bobby Byrd, thrombonist Fred Wesley, drummer John "Jabo" Starks, Clyde Stubblefield and Melvin Parker, St. Saxophonist. Clair Pinckney, Alphonso guitarist "Country" Kellum and bassist Bernard Odum.
In addition to torrent singles and studio albums, Brown's output during this period included two more successful live albums, Live at the Garden (1967) and Live at the Apollo, Volume II 1968), and 1968 special television, James Brown: Man to Man. His musical kingdom developed along with his influence in the music world. As Brown's musical kingdom grew, his desire for financial and artistic independence also increased. Brown bought radio stations during the late 1960s, including WRDW in Augusta, where he shined shoes as a man. In November 1967, James Brown purchased WGYW radio station in Knoxville, Tennessee, to report $ 75,000, according to the January 20, 1968 Record World magazine. The calling letter is changed to WJBE reflecting initials. WJBE started on January 15, 1968, and broadcast Rhythm & amp; Blues format. The station slogan is "WJBE 1430 Raw Soul". Brown also bought WEBB in Baltimore in 1970.
Brown branched to make some recordings with musicians outside his own band. In an effort to attract adult viewers older, more affluent and predominantly white adult, Brown noted Gettin 'Down To It (1969) and Soul on Top (1970) - Two album consisting mostly of romantic ballads, jazz standards, and homologous reinterpretation of previous songs - with Dee Felice Trio and the Louie Bellson Orchestra. In 1968, she recorded a number of songs by The Dapps funk-oriented, white Cincinnati band, including the hit "I Can not Stand Myself". He also released three albums of Christmas music with his own band.
1970-1975: Godfather of Soul
In March 1970, most of Brown's mid-to-late-mid-sixties bands came out of a money dispute, a development sparked by the dissolution of the famous Famous Flames singing group for the same reason in 1968. Brown and former Famous Flames singer Bobby Byrd ( who chose to remain in the band during this tumultuous period) then recruited several members of Cincinnati-based The Pacemakers, which included Bootsy Collins and his brother Phelps "Catfish" Collins; coupled with the rest of the 1960s road band members (including Fred Wesley, who rejoined Brown's clothes in December 1970) and other new musicians, they will form the core of the new backing ensemble of The J.B., Brown. Shortly after their first appearance together, the band entered the studio to record Brown-Byrd compositions, "Arise (I Feel Like Being) a Sex Machine"; songs and other contemporary singles will further strengthen Brown's influence in the new-born funk music genre. Iteration from J.B. was dissolved after a European tour in March 1971 (documented in the 1991 Love Power Peace archive due to additional money dispute and use of LSD by Bootsy Collins; the Collins brothers will soon become integral members of Parliament-Funkadelic, while the new lineup of J.B. unite around Wesley, St. Clair Pinckney, and drummer John Starks.
In 1971, Brown began recording for Polydor Records which also took over the distribution of King Records Brown catalog. Many sidemen and supporting players, including Fred Wesley & amp; J.B., Bobby Byrd, Lyn Collins, Vicki Anderson, and former rival Hank Ballard, released a recording on People's label, a print founded by Brown that was purchased by Polydor as part of Brown's new contract. Records on People's labels, almost everything produced by Brown himself, exemplified his "home style". Songs like "I Know You Got Soul" by Bobby Byrd, "Think" by Lyn Collins and "Doing It to Death" by Fred Wesley & amp; J.B. considered part of Brown's legacy recorded as a recording released under its own name. That year, he also started visiting African countries and was well received by the audience there. During the 1972 presidential election, James Brown publicly proclaimed his support for Richard Nixon for re-election of Democrat candidate George McGovern. The decision caused a boycott of his performance and, according to Brown, made him lose most of his black audience. As a result, Brown's record sales and concerts in the United States reached a pause in 1973 because he failed to get the number one R & amp; B single that year. Brown relied more on tours outside the United States where he continued to perform for sold-out crowds in cities like London, Paris and Lausanne. That year he also faced problems with the IRS for failing to pay back taxes, charging him yet to pay more than $ 4.5 million; five years earlier, the IRS claimed that he owed nearly $ 2 million.
In 1973, Brown gave the score for the blaxploitation film Black Caesar . He also recorded another soundtrack for the movie, Slaughter's Big Rip-Off . After the release of this soundtrack, Brown earned his own nickname, "The Godfather of Soul", which remains his most popular nickname. In 1974 he returned to No. No. 1 on the R & amp charts B with "The Payback", with the parent album reaching the same spot on the album charts; he will reach No 1 twice again in 1974, with "My Thang" and "Papa Do not Take No Mess". Later that year, he returned to Africa and appeared in Kinshasa as part of a gathering of The Rumble in the Jungle fight between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman. The admirers of Brown's music, including Miles Davis and other jazz musicians, began to refer to him as a major influence on their own style. However, Brown, like others who are influenced by his music, is also "borrowed" from other musicians. His 1976 single, "Hot (I Needed to Be Loved, Loved, Loved, Loved)" (Interviewing with David Bowie), interpolated the main riff of "Fame" by David Bowie while eliminating any attribution to the song composer (including Bowie, John Lennon and guitarist Carlos Alomar), not the other way around as it is often believed. Riff was composed by Alomar, who was a member of the Brown band in the late 1960s.
"Papa Do not Take No Mess" will prove to be his last single to reach No. No. 1 in R & amp; B charts and his recent Top 40 pop in the 1970s, though he constantly has Top 10 R & Recording B. Among the top ten R & amp; B hits during the last period included "Funky President" and "Get Up Offa That Thing", the last song released in 1976 and intended for music rivals such as Barry White, The Ohio Players and K.C. and Sunshine Band. Brown credited his wife and their two children as a songwriter to avoid tax issues simultaneously with the IRS. Beginning in October 1975, Brown produced, directed, and hosted Future Shock, a three-year Atlanta-based television show.
1975-1991: Reject and awaken
Although the tape became a mainstay of the New York underground disco scene exemplified by DJs such as David Mancuso and Francis Grasso from 1969 onwards, Brown did not consciously succumb to the trend until the 1975's Sex Machine Today. In 1977, he was no longer the dominant force in R & amp; B. After "Get Up Offa That Thing", thirteen of the late 1970s Brown recordings for Polydor failed to reach the Top 10 of the R & D charts. B, with only "Bodyheat" in 1976 and a disco-oriented "It's Too Funky Here" in 1979 achieved R & B Top 15 and the ballad "Kiss in '77" reached the Top 20. After 1976 "Bodyheat", he also failed to perform on Billboard Hot 100. As a result, Brown's concert attendance began to decline and his reported disputes with the IRS caused his business empire to collapse. In addition, Brown's former band mates, including Fred Wesley, Maceo Parker, and Collins brothers, have found greater success as members of the collective George-Funkadelic Parliament. The appearance of the disco also stopped Brown's success on the R & D chart; B because of its more commercial, slicker style has replaced the production of more raw funk.
With the release of 1979's The Original Disco Man, Brown did not provide much production or writing, leaving mostly to producer Brad Shapiro, producing the song "It's Too Funky Here" became Brown's most successful single in this period. After two more failed albums, Brown left Polydor in 1981. It was around this time that Brown changed his band name from J.B. become General Soul (or Soul G's). The band retained the name until his death. Despite the decline in its record sales Brown enjoyed something of a revival in this period, starting with appearances in feature films of The Blues Brothers, Detroit Doctors and Rocky IV >, as well as guest star on episode Miami Vice "Missing Hours" (1987). In 1984, he teamed up with rap musician African Bambaattaa on the song "Unity". A year later he signed a contract with Scotti Brothers Records and published a successful album of Gravity in 1986. This included the Top 10 Brown hit final, "Living in America", marking his first Top 40 entry since 1974 and his first Top 10 pop entry since 1968. Produced and written by Dan Hartman, it also stands out in Rocky IV movies and soundtracks. Brown performed the song in the film at Apollo Creed's final bout, dashed in the Ziegfeld Room at MGM Grand in Las Vegas, and was awarded in the film as "The Godfather of Soul". 1986 also saw the publication of his autobiography, James Brown: The Godfather of Soul, co-written with Bruce Tucker. In 1987, Brown won a Grammy for Best Male R & amp; B Vocal Performance for "Living in America".
In 1988, Brown worked with the Full Force production team on a new swing-influenced jack album I'm Real . It spawned the last two hit Top 10 R & amp; B, "I'm Real" and "Static", which peaked at No. 2 and No. 5, respectively, on the R & amp; B. Meanwhile, the drum breaks of the second version of the original 1969 hit "Give It Up Or Turnit A Loose" (record included in the compilation album In Jungle Groove ) became very popular in hip hop dance parties (mainly for breakdance) during the early 1980s that hip hop founding father Kurtis Blow called the song "hip hop anthem".
1991-2006: Recent years
After his duties in prison during the late 1980s, Brown met Larry Fridie and Thomas Hart who produced the first James Brown biography film, entitled James Brown: The Man, the Message, the Music , released in 1992. She returned to music with the Love Over-Due album in 1991. It included the single "(So Tired of Standing Still We Got to) Move On", which reached the top spot in No. 1. 48 in R & amp; B charts. Former record label Polydor also released a four-CD set of Star Time , which stretches throughout Brown's career to date. The release of Brown from prison also prompted his former record label to republish his album on CD, featuring additional songs and comments by music critics and historians. That same year, Brown appeared on MC Hammer's rapper video for "Too Legit to Quit". Hammer has been recorded, along with Big Daddy Kane, for bringing unique stage performances and their own energetic dance moves to the hip-hop generation; both calling Brown their idol. Both musicians also tasted his work, with Hammer sampling the rhythm of "Super Bad" for his song "Here Comes the Hammer", from his best-selling album Please Hammer, Do not Hurt 'Em. Big Daddy Kane tasted several times. Before the year ended, Brown-who soon returned to work with his band after he released-organized a pay-per-view concert after a performance at the Los Angeles Wiltern Theater, which was well received.
On June 10, 1991, James Brown and star-filled stars were featured in front of a crowd of spectators at Wiltern Theater for a live audience at home. James Brown: Living in America - Live! is the brainchild of Indiana producer Danny Hubbard. It displays M.C. Hammer and Bell Biv Devoe, Heavy D & amp; Boys, En Vogue, C C Music Factory, Quincy Jones, Sherman Hemsley and Keenen Ivory Wayans. Ice-T, Tone Loc and Kool Moe Dee pay homage to Brown. This is Brown's first public appearance since his parole from the South Carolina prison system in February. He has served two and a half years two sentences six years in a row due to aggravated attacks and other crimes.
Brown continues to make recordings. In 1993, her album Universal James was released. This includes his latest charting single Billboard, "Can not Get Any Harder", which peaked at No. 1. 76 in US R & amp; B chart and reached No. 59 on the UK chart. The short mapping in the UK may be due to the success of the remix version of "I Feel Good" featuring Dakeyne. Brown also released singles "How Long" and "Georgia-Lina", which failed to chart. In 1995, Brown returned to Apollo and recorded Live at the Apollo 1995 . This includes a studio track titled "Respect Me", which was released as a single; again failed to map. Brown's last studio album, I'm Back and The Next Step , was released respectively in 1998 and 2002. I Back performed the song " Funk on Ah Roll ", which reached the top spot at No. 40 in the UK but not on the original US chart. The Next Step including Brown's last single, "Killing Is Out, School Is In". Both albums were produced by Derrick Monk. The success of the Brown concert, however, continued and he continued with a grueling schedule for the rest of his life, living up to his previous nickname, "The Hardest Man Work in Show Business", despite his advanced age. In 2003, Brown participated in the PBS television documentary James Brown: Soul Survivor, directed by Jeremy Marre.
Brown celebrates his status as an icon by appearing at various entertainment and sports events, including appearances on WCW's pay-per-view show, SuperBrawl X, where he dances with Ernest wrestler "The Cat" Miller, who based his character. on Brown, during a comedy drama with The Maestro. Brown later appeared in the short film Tony Scott Beat the Devil in 2001. He was featured with Clive Owen, Gary Oldman, Danny Trejo and Marilyn Manson. Brown also made a cameo appearance in the 2002 film Jackie Chan The Tuxedo , in which Chan was asked to complete Brown's actions after accidentally dropping his vocalist. In 2002, Brown appeared in Undercover Brother , playing on his own.
In 2004, Brown appeared in Hyde Park, London as an action support for the Red Hot Chili Peppers concert. Early 2005 saw the publication of Brown's second book, I Feel Good: A Memoir of a Life of Soul , written with Marc Eliot. In February and March, he participated in recording sessions for studio albums with Fred Wesley, Pee Wee Ellis, and other longtime collaborators. Although he lost interest in the album, which has remained unreleased, the song from the session, "Gut Bucket", appeared on the compilation CD that came with the August 2006 edition of MOJO . He appeared in Edinburgh 50,000 - The Final Push, the last Live 8 concert on July 6, 2005, in which he performed a duet with British pop star Will Young on "Papa's Got A Brand New Bag". The previous week he performed a duet with another British pop star, Joss Stone, in the UK's Friday Night with Jonathan Ross chat show. In 2006, Brown continued his "Seven Decades of Funk World Tour", his last concert tour in which he performed worldwide. His last appearance in the US was in San Francisco on August 20, 2006, as a leader at the Golden Gate Festival (Foggfest) on the Great Grass at Fort Mason. The next day, August 21, he appeared at Humboldt State University in Arcata, CA, in a small (800-seat) theater on campus. Her last performance was greeted with positive reviews, and one of her last concert performances at the Oxegen Irish festival in Punchestown in 2006 was conducted for a record crowd of 80,000 people. He played a full concert as part of BBC's Prom Electric on October 27, 2006, at The Roundhouse, powered by The Zutons, with special appearances from Max Beasley and The Sugababes.
His last appearance on Brown television was at an induction into the British Music Hall of Fame in November 2006, before his death the following month. Prior to his death, Brown was scheduled to perform a duet with singer Annie Lennox on the song "Vengeance" for his new album Venus , released in 2007.
Maps James Brown
Death and after
Death
On December 23, 2006, Brown became very ill and arrived at his dentist's office in Atlanta, Georgia, several hours late. His appointment is for dental implant jobs. During the visit, Brown's dentist observed that he looked "very bad... weak and dazed." Instead of doing the job, the dentist advises Brown to see the doctor immediately about his medical condition.
Brown went to the Emory Crawford Long Memorial Hospital the following day for medical evaluation and was treated for observation and treatment. According to Charles Bobbit, his personal manager and friend, Brown has struggled with a noisy cough since returning from November to Europe. However, Bobbit says the singer has a history of never complaining of illness and often performing in pain. Though Brown had to cancel an upcoming concert in Waterbury, Connecticut and Englewood, New Jersey, he was confident that doctors would remove him from the hospital in time for New Year's Eve events scheduled at Count Basie Theater in New Jersey and BB King Blues Club in New York , in addition to featuring live songs on CNN for New Year's Eve Anderson Cooper. Brown remains hospitalized, however, and his condition deteriorates throughout the day.
On Christmas Day, 2006, Brown died at about 1:45 am EST (06:45 UTC), at age 73, of congestive heart failure, due to complications of pneumonia. Bobbit was at his bedside and then reported that Brown stammered, "I'm leaving tonight," then took three long, quiet breaths and fell asleep before dying.
Warning service
After Brown's death, his relatives, a number of celebrities, and thousands of fans gathered, on December 28, 2006, for a public memorial ceremony at the Apollo Theater in New York City and, on December 30, 2006, at the James Brown Arena in Augusta, Georgia. Separate private ceremony was held in North Augusta, South Carolina, on December 29, 2006, with Brown family present. Celebrities at various events of this memorial include Michael Jackson, Jimmy Cliff, Joe Frazier, Buddy Guy, Ice Cube, Ludacris, Dr. Dre, Little Richard, Dick Gregory, MC Hammer, Prince, Jesse Jackson, Ice-T, Jerry Lee Lewis, Bootsy Collins, LL Cool J, Lil Wayne, Lenny Kravitz, 50 Cent, Stevie Wonder, Todd Williams and Don King Charlottesville. Pdt. Al Sharpton leads in all Brown's public and private warning services.
The memorial ceremony of Brown is all complicated, complete with costume changes for the deceased and a video showing him at the concert. His body, which was placed in a Promethean chest - bronze polished to golden luster - was moved through the streets of New York to the Apollo Theater in a glass-coated white chariot. In Augusta, Georgia, his memorial procession stopped to salute his statue, en route to the James Brown Arena. During a public warning there, a video shows Brown's last appearance in Augusta, Georgia, with Ray Charles's version of "Georgia on My Mind" playing with great interest in the background. His last backup band, The Soul General, also played some of his hits during the tribute in the arena. The group joins Bootsy Collins on bass, with MC Hammer performing a dance in the style of James Brown. Former Temptations singer Ali-Ollie Woodson performs "Walk Around Heaven All Day" at a memorial service.
The will and last will
Brown signed his last will and testament on August 1, 2000, before Strom Thurmond, Jr., a lawyer for the plantation. An irrevocable, separate and separate belief from Brown's will, was created on her behalf, the same year, by her lawyer, Albert "Buddy" Dallas, one of three personal representatives of the real Brown. His will covers the disposition of his personal assets, such as clothing, cars and jewelry, while his irrevocable belief covers the disposition of music rights, James Brown Enterprises business assets, and his Beech Island real estate in South Carolina.
During the readings of a will on January 11, 2007, Thurmond revealed that six adult children living from Brown (Terry Brown, Larry Brown, Daryl Brown, Yamma Brown Lumar, Deanna Brown Thomas and Venisha Brown) were named in the document, while Hynie and James II not mentioned as heir. Brown's will was signed 10 months before James II was born and more than a year before Brown's marriage to Tomi Rae Hynie. As Brown's will, his irrevocable trust eliminates Hynie and James II as Brown's property receiver. An irrevocable trust has also been set before, and has not changed since, the birth of James II.
On January 24, 2007, Brown's children filed a lawsuit, petitioned the court to remove private representatives from the estate (including Brown's lawyer, as well as guardian Albert "Buddy" Dallas) and appointed a special administrator for being considered inappropriate and allegedly mismanaged assets Brown. On January 31, 2007, Hynie also filed a lawsuit against Brown's estate, challenging the validity of wills and irrevocable trust. Hynie's lawsuit asked the court to recognize him as Brown's widow and appoint a special administrator for the plantation.
On January 27, 2015, Judge Doyet Early III ruled that Tommie Rae Hynie Brown was officially a widow of James Brown. The decision was based on the reason that Hynie's previous marriage was invalid and that James Brown had abandoned his attempt to cancel his own marriage with Hynie. If the verdict stands, Hynie is entitled to part of James Brown's estate.
On February 19, 2015, the Supreme Court of South Carolina intervened, stopping all lower court action in the plantation and conducting to review the previous action itself.
Arts and bands
Over the years, Brown's tour shows are one of the most luxurious productions in American popular music. At the time of Brown's death, his band included three guitarists, two bass guitar players, two drummers, three horns and percussion. The bands he maintained during the late 1960s and 1970s were of comparable size, and the bands also included a part of the reinforced three-piece string that was played during the ballad. Brown employs about 40 and 50 people for James Brown Revue, and the revue members travel with him on buses to cities across the country, performing over 330 performances a year with almost all shows as one-nighters.
Introductory concert
Before James Brown appeared on stage, his personal MC gave him an intricate introduction accompanied by a drumroll, while the MC worked in various Brown sobriquets along with the names of many of his hit songs. The introduction by Fats Gonder, taken on Brown's 1963 album Live at the Apollo, is a representative example:
So now women and men are star time, are you ready for star time? Thank you and thank you very much. What a happiness for you today, national and international [ly] is known as the hardest working person in the show business, the one who sings "I'll Go Crazy"... "Try Me"... "You Have The Power"... "Think"... "If You Want Me"... "I Do not Think"... "Confused"... million dollar seller, "Lost Someone"... latest release, "Night Train"... let's everyone "Shout and Shimmy"... Dynamite, Mr. Please Please for yourself, the stars of the show, James Brown and The Famous Fire !!
Concert repertoire and format
James Brown's performance is notable for its intensity and length. The self-declared goal is to "give people more than what they go to-make them tired, because that is their goal." "The Brown concert concert consisted mostly of his own hit and his last songs. , with multiple R & amp; B includes a mixture. Brown danced excitedly as he sang, practicing popular dance steps like Mashed Potato into his routine along with dramatic jumps, splits and slides. In addition, the horn player and his singing group (The Famous Flames) usually perform a choreographic dance routine, and then the incarnation of the Revue includes a backup dancer. The male players in Revue were asked to wear tuxedo and cummerbund long after more casual concert clothing became the norm among the younger music scene. Brown's plush suits and her elaborate hairstyle have resolved her visual impression. James Brown's concert usually includes performances by main vocalists, such as Vicki Anderson or Marva Whitney, and instrumental features for the band, which sometimes serves as an opening act for the show.
Cape routines
A trademark feature of Brown's stage show, usually during the song "Please, Please, Please", involves Brown dropping to his knee while holding a microphone standing in his hand, prompting the old MC show, Danny Ray, to exit, hanging a cape over Brown's shoulder and escorted her from the stage after she worked herself to exhaustion during her performance. When Brown was escorted off stage by MC, Brown's vocal group, Famous Flames, kept singing backing vocals "Please, please do not go-oh". Brown will then remove the robe and stagger back into the microphone for an encore. The Brown routine is inspired by similar ones used by professional wrestlers, Gorgeous George, and Little Richard.
Brown performed a regular version of the cape on the cover of the movie Blues Brothers 2000 and in the movie T.A.M.I. Show (1964) where he and The Famous Flames beat the Rolling Stones Stones. Police refer to "James Brown on T.A.M.I. Show " in their 1980s "When The World Is Running, You Make the Best Of What's Still Around".
As a band leader
Brown demanded extreme discipline, the perfection and accuracy of the musicians and the dancers in his Revue appeared for practice and the members wore the correct "uniform" or "costume" for the concert. During an interview conducted by Terri Gross during the NPR segment "Fresh Air" with Maceo Parker, a former saxophone player in Brown band for most of the 1960s and partly from the 1970s and 1980s, Parker offered his experience with the discipline demanded Brown from ribbon:
You must be on time. You must have your uniform. Your stuff should be intact. You must have a bow tie. You must have it . You can not come without a bow tie. You can not ride without a belt... The patent leather shoe we wore at that time should be smeared with oil. You just have to have these items. This is what [Brown wishes]... [Brown] bought a costume. He bought his shoes. And if for some reason [band members decided] to leave the group, [Brown told the guy], please leave my uniform....
Brown also has the practice of directing, correcting and judging fines on his band members who violate the rules, such as wearing uncoated shoes, dancing out of sync or appearing late on stage. During his several concert performances, Brown danced in front of his band with his back to the audience as he slid across the floor, flashing hand signals and spreading his throbbing fingers to the rhythm of the music. Although the audience thinks that the dance routine of Brown is part of his act, this practice is actually a way of pointing out to offending members of his entourage who are playing or singing wrong notes or committing some other offense. Brown uses his outstretched fingers and hand gestures to warn the guilty person that the person has to pay him for breaking his rules.
Brown's demands for his support act, on the contrary, are quite the opposite. When Fred Wesley remembers his time as music director of JBs, if Brown feels intimidated by his support act, he will try to "spoil their appearance by shortening their sets unannounced, demanding that they not perform certain songs, and even insisting on doing the unseemly unthinkable, playing drums on some of their songs, a definite killer. "
Social activism
Advocacy and humanitarian education
Brown's main social activism is preserving the need for education among youth, influenced by his troubled childhood and being forced out of seventh grade for wearing "insufficient clothing." Due to the high dropout rate of the 1960s, Brown released a pro-education song, "Do not Be a Drop-Out". Royalties of the song are donated to charities used for dropout prevention programs. This success led to Brown's meeting with President Lyndon B. Johnson at the White House. Johnson cites Brown to be a positive example for the youth. A lifelong Republican like his best friend, Ray Charles, James Brown gained the confidence of President Richard Nixon, to whom he discovered that he must explain the suffering of black Americans. He was also harassed by J. Edgar Hoover and the IRS, probably because Hoover considered him "dangerous" that a young "black radical" had the president's ears.
Throughout the rest of his life, Brown made public speeches at school and continued to advocate the importance of schooling. After submitting his will in 2002, Brown suggested that most of the money in his fortune goes into creating Feelings I Feel Good, Inc. to benefit disadvantaged children and provide scholarships to his grandchildren. His last single, "Killing, In School, At School", advocated against the killing of small children on the streets. Brown often gave money and other things to the children while traveling to his childhood hometown of Augusta. A week before his death, when he was seriously ill, Brown gave toys and turkeys to the children at the Atlanta orphanage, something he had done several times over the years.
Civil rights and independence
Although Brown appeared at a rally for civil rights organizations in the mid-1960s, Brown often avoided discussing civil rights in his songs. In 1968, in response to a growing anti-war advocacy drive during the Vietnam War, Brown recorded the song, "America Is My Home". In the song, Brown does rap, advocates patriotism and urges listeners to "stop pitying your friends and getting up and fighting." At the time of the song's release, Brown has participated in a show for troops stationed in Vietnam.
Boston Garden Concert
On April 5, 1968, the day after the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. in Memphis, Tennessee, Brown provided a free television concert in the city of Boston Garden to maintain public order and appease relatives of Boston (over a police objection, wanting to cancel a concert, which he thought would incite violence). The show was later released on DVD as Live in Boston Garden: April 5, 1968 . According to the documentary, The Night James Brown Saved Boston, mayor Kevin White has severely held off the Boston police from cracking down on minor violence and protests after the killings, while religious leaders and the public are working to keep the emotions from burning. White arranged for Brown to be broadcasted several times on Boston public television, WGBH, so as to keep potential rioters on the streets, watching the concert for free. Angry at not being told about it, Brown demanded $ 60,000 for the "gate" fee (money he thought would be lost from ticket sales because his concert was broadcast free) and then threatened to announce a secret arrangement when the city balked. after paying, the news would be a political death blow to White and sparked a riot of its own. White eventually lobbied the power behind-the-scenes powerhouse group known as "The Vault" to make money for Brown's gate fees and other social programs, contributing $ 100,000. Brown received $ 15,000 from them through the city. White also convince the management in the Garden to submit their admissions section to cover the difference. After this successful show, Brown was warned by President Johnson to visit riot-ravaged cities after the King's killing not to commit violence, telling them to "cool him down, there is another way".
In response to pressure from black activists, including Brown H. Brown, to take a bigger stance on their problems and from black tapes on black crimes committed in inner cities, Brown wrote the lyrics for the song "Say It Loud - I'm Black and I'm Proud ", whose band Alfred" Pee Wee "Ellis is accompanied by a musical composition. Released late that summer, the song's lyrics helped make it a song for the civil rights movement. Brown only performed the song sporadically after the initial release and later stated he regretted having recorded it, saying in 1984, "Now 'Say It Loud - I'm Black and I'm Proud' has done more for blacks than others Record, but if I have a choice, I will not do it, because I do not like to define anyone by race To teach race is to teach separatism. "In his autobiography he stated:
This song is outdated now... But it's necessary to teach that pride, and I think it's a lot useful to many people... Those people who are called "Black and Proud" are militant and angry - probably because of the line about dying at your feet instead of living on your knee. But really, if you listen to it, it sounds like a children's song. That's why I have kids in it, so the kids who hear it can grow proudly... The song made me lose a lot of my audience. The racial makeup in my concert was mostly black after that. I do not regret it, even if it is misunderstood.
In 1969, Brown recorded two more songs from social commentary, "The World" and "I Do not Want Nobody Gives Me Nothing", this last song begged for equal opportunity and independence instead of right. In 1970, in response to some black leaders for being less frank, he recorded "Get Up, Get In, Get Hooked" and "Talkin 'Loud and Sayin' Nothing". In 1971, he began traveling around Africa, including Zambia and Nigeria. He was made "free man of the city" in Lagos, Nigeria, by Oba Adeyinka Oyekan, for "his influence on black people around the world." With his company, James Brown Enterprises, Brown helps provide jobs for blacks in business in the community. As the 1970s continued, Brown continued to record the social commentary songs, most famous in 1972, the "King of Heroin" and the two-part ballad "Public Enemy", which dealt with drug addiction.
Political view
During the 1968 presidential campaign, Brown supported Democratic presidential candidate Hubert Humphrey and appeared with Humphrey at political meetings. Brown began supporting Republican president Richard Nixon after being invited to appear on Nixon's first ball in January 1969. Brown's support for Nixon during the 1972 presidential election had a negative impact on his career during that period with several national black organizations boycotting his records and protesting at his concert.. Brown said he was not a Democrat or Republican despite his support for Republican presidents such as Nixon and Ronald Reagan. In 1999, when interviewed by Rolling Stone , the magazine asked him to name a hero in the 20th century; Brown mentioned John F. Kennedy and the 96-year-old US Senator and former Dixiecrat, Strom Thurmond, stating "when the arrogant young arose out of line, whether Democrat or Republican, an old man can walk and say 'Wait one minute, son, 'And that's great for our country.He's like a grandfather to me.'In 2003, Brown was the main attraction of the Washington DC fundraiser for the National Senatorial Committee of the Republic. Following the death of Ronald Reagan and his friend Ray Charles, Brown told CNN, "I'm a bit upset.I love this country and I get it - you know I've been there a long time, through many presidents and So after losing Mr. Reagan, whom I know very well , then Mr. Ray Charles, who works with me and lives happily, all our lives, we had a show together in Oakland, many years ago and it was like you found a plaque. "
Personal life
At the end of his life, James Brown lives in a riverside house on Beech Island, South Carolina, just across the Savannah River from Augusta, Georgia. Brown suffered from undiagnosed diabetes for years, according to his old manager, Charles Bobbit. In 2004, Brown was successfully treated for prostate cancer. Regardless of his health, Brown maintains his reputation as "the hardest-working person in the show business" by following his grueling performance schedule.
In 1962, Tammi Terrell joined the James Brown Revue. Although he was only 17 years old, Brown became sexually involved with Terrell in a continuing relationship until he escaped his harassment. Bobby Bennett, a former Famous Flames member told Rolling Stone about the violence he witnessed, "He hit Tammi Terrell badly," Bennett said. "He's bleeding, spilling blood." Terrell, who died in 1970, was Brown's girlfriend before he became famous as a singing partner of Marvin Gaye in the mid-sixties. "Tammi left him because he did not want his ass whipped," said Bennett, who also claimed he saw Brown kicking a pregnant girlfriend under the stairs.
Marriage and children
Brown married four times. His first marriage was Velma Warren in 1953, they had three sons. More than a decade later, the couple split up and the final divorce decree was issued in 1969; they maintained a close friendship that survived until Brown's death. Brown's second marriage was with Deidre "Deedee" Jenkins, on October 22, 1970. They had two daughters together. The couple were separated in 1979, after what their daughter described as a year of domestic abuse, and a final divorce decision was issued on January 10, 1981. Her third marriage was to Adrienne Lois Rodriguez (March 9, 1950 - January 6, 1996), in 1984. It was a controversial marriage that made headlines because of complaints of abuse in the home; Rodriguez died in January 1996. Less than a year after his death, Brown hired Tomi Rae Hynie to become the background singer for his band. They married in 2001.
On December 23, 2002, Brown and Hynie held a wedding ceremony inaugurated by Rev. Larry Flyer. After Brown's death, the controversy surrounds the state of marriage, with Brown's lawyer, Albert "Buddy" Dallas, reporting that the marriage was invalid; Hynie is still married to Javed Ahmed, a man from Bangladesh. Hynie claimed Ahmed married her to obtain a residence via the Green Card and that the marriage was canceled but the cancellation did not take place until April 2004. In an attempt to prove her marriage to Brown was valid, Hynie produced her 2001 wedding certificate as proof of her existence. married Brown, but he did not give King with court records pointing to the annulment of his marriage with him or to Ahmed. According to Dallas, Brown is angry and hurt because Hynie hides his previous marriage and Brown moves to file a cancellation from Hynie. Dallas added that although Hynie's marriage to Ahmed was canceled after she married Brown, the Brown-Hynie marriage did not apply under South Carolina law because Brown and Hynie did not remarry after the cancellation. In August 2003, Brown issued a full-page public notice on Variety featuring Hynie, James II and himself on holiday to Disney World to announce that he and Hynie would be separated. In 2015, a judge decides Hynie as Brown's widow of law.
Brown has many children and admits nine of them including five sons - Teddy (1954-1973), Terry, Larry, Daryl and James Joseph Brown Jr. and four daughters - Lisa, Dr. Yamma Noyola Brown Lumar, Deanna Brown Thomas and Venisha Brown. Brown also has eight grandchildren and four great-grandchildren. The eldest son of Brown, Teddy, died in a car accident on June 14, 1973. According to a August 22, 2007 article published in the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph, DNA tests showed that Brown also fathered at least three children in beyond marriage. The first of those identified was LaRhonda Pettit (born 1962), a retired flight attendant and teacher living in Houston. During Brown's dispute, one of Brown's family lawyers, Debra Opri, told Larry King that Brown wanted a DNA test done after his death to confirm paternity James Brown Jr.-- not for Brown but for the sake of other family members. In April 2007, Hynie chose a guardian ad litem whom she wanted to be appointed by the court to represent her son, James Brown Jr. in the paternity process.
Drug abuse
For most of his career, Brown has a drug-free and alcohol-free policy for every member in his entourage, including band members, and will fire people who do not obey orders, especially those who use or abuse drugs and alcohol. Some of the early members of the Brown the Famous Flames vocal group were fired for alcohol use. Despite the policy, some of the original Brown band members of the 1970s, JB, including Catfish and Bootsy Collins, deliberately took LSD during a concert concert in 1971, causing Brown to fire them after the show because he suspected they were on drugs for so long.
However, in the mid-1980s it was alleged that Brown himself was using drugs. After he met and later married Adrienne Rodriguez, he and Brown started using PCP ("angel dust"). The use of this drug resulted in a violent explosion from him and he was arrested several times due to domestic violence against Rodriguez while the drug was high. After the 1988 arrest for allegedly hitting his wife with a lead pipe and shooting him in their car during a fight, Brown went on CNN's Sonya Live in LA program and apparently acted irregularly in response to a question asked by host Sonya Friedman, to discuss domestic issues with Rodriguez, and want to focus on his professional life. At one point during the interview, Brown began shouting his song title to one of Friedman's questions. The interview then became viral and led some to assume that Brown was drunk or using drugs.
One of Brown's former lovers recalled in a GQ magazine article about Brown a few years after his death that Brown would smoke PCP "until it's hard to find", and cocaine, mixed with tobacco in Kool's cigarette. In January 1998, he spent a week in rehab to deal with addiction to prescription drugs. A week after his release, he was arrested for using a gun and possession of marijuana illegally.
Theft and confidence of attack
Brown's personal life is undermined by some brushes with the law. At the age of 16, he was convicted of theft and served a three-year sentence in a juvenile prison. On July 16, 1978, after appearing in Apollo, Brown was arrested for failing to hand over notes from one of his radio stations after the station was forced to file for bankruptcy. Brown was arrested on April 3, 1988, for attacks, and again in May 1988 on charges of drugs and weapons, and again on September 24, 1988, following the chase of a high-speed car on Interstate 20 near the Georgia-South Carolina border. He was convicted of carrying a gun without permission and assaulting a police officer, along with drug-related offenses and driving. Although he was sentenced to six years in prison, he was finally released on February 27, 1991, after serving two years of his sentence. The FBI Brown file, released to The Washington Post in 2007 under the Freedom of Information Act, links Brown's claim that high-speed pursuit
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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