Cheshire ( CHESH -? r, -eer ; anciently County Palatine of Chester ) is a county in North West England, bordered by Merseyside and Greater Manchester to the north, Derbyshire to the east, Staffordshire and Shropshire to the south and Flintshire, Wales and Wrexham county boroughs to the west. The county town of Cheshire is Chester; the biggest city is Warrington.
Other major cities include Congleton, Crewe, Ellesmere Port, Macclesfield, Northwich, Runcorn, Widnes, Wilmslow, and Winsford. The district covers 905 square miles (2.344 km 2 ) and has a population of about 1 million. Mostly rural, with a number of small towns and villages supporting the agricultural and other industries that produce Cheshire cheese, salt, chemicals and silk.
Video Cheshire
Histori
Toponymy
The name Cheshire originally came from Chester's early name, and was first recorded as a Legacyasterscir in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, meaning the shire of the legion city. Despite the name first appeared in 980, it is thought that the county was created by Edward the Elder around 920. In the Domesday Book, Chester was listed as having the name Cestrescir (Chestershire), derived from the name for Chester then. A series of changes that occurred when English itself changed, along with some simplification and elision, resulted in the Cheshire name, as it happens today.
Since the historical relationship is close to the land bordered by Cheshire in the west, which became modern Wales, there is a history of interaction between Cheshire and North Wales. The Domesday Book noted Cheshire has two Hundreds complete (Atiscross and Exestan) which later became a major part of Flintshire. In addition, most of the Hundred Duddestan later became known as Maelor Saesneg when moved to North Wales. For this and other reasons, the Welsh name for Cheshire ( Swydd Gaerlleon ) is sometimes used.
Administrative history
After the Norman conquest of 1066 by William I, differences of opinion and resistance continued for many years after the invasion. In 1069, local resistance in Cheshire was eventually demoted using cruel acts as part of Harrying of the North. The ferocity of the campaign against the British population is enough to end any resistance in the future. Examples were made from large landowners such as Earl Edwin of Mercia, their properties confiscated and redistributed among Norman barons. William I made Cheshire a county palatine and gave Gerbod the Fleming the new title of the Earl of Chester. When Gerbod returned to Normandy in about 1070, the king used his absence to announce the loss of the earldom and give it to Hugh d'Avranches (nicknamed Hugh Lupus, or "wolf"). Due to Cheshire's strategic location in the Welsh Marches, Earl has a complete autonomous power to rule on behalf of the king in the county palatina. The earldom is quite independent from the British kingdom that the 13th century Magna Carta does not apply to the shire of Chester, so earl writes Chester Charter himself in his baron petition.
Ratine hundreds
Cheshire in Domesday Book (1086) is recorded as a much larger county than it is now. These included two hundred, Atiscross and Exestan, which later became part of North Wales. At the time of Domesday Book , it was also included as part of Duddestan Hundred of land area which became known as English Maelor (formerly a separate part of Flintshire) in Wales. The area between Mersey and Ribble (referred to in the Domesday Book as "Inter Ripam et Mersam") is part of the return for Cheshire. Although it has been interpreted that at that time southern Lancashire was part of Cheshire, more in-depth research shows that the boundary between Cheshire and what became Lancashire remains the Mersey River. With a slight variation in spelling across the source, the full list of hundreds of Cheshires today is: Atiscross, Bochelau, Chester, Dudestan, Exestan, Hamestan, Middlewich, Riseton, Roelau, Tunendune, Warmundestrou and Wilaveston.
baron feudal Palatine
The feudal baron or the baronies by tenures were given by Earl as a form of ownership of feudal land in palatinate in a manner similar to that given the king of English feudal baronies in England proper. An example is the Halton baron. One of the Hugh d'Avranche barons has been identified as Robert Nicholls, Baron of Halton and Montebourg.
Lands moved to Lancashire
In 1182, the land north of Mersey became managed as part of the new area of ​​Lancashire, thus resolving any uncertainty about the area where the land "Inter Ripam et Mersam" resides. Over the years, ten hundred consolidated and changed the name to leave only seven - Broxton, Bucklow, Eddisbury, Macclesfield, Nantwich, Northwich and Wirral.
Acquired Welsh-March land
In 1397 the county owns the land in Wales marches added to its territory, and promoted to the royal rank. This is due to the support given by people from the area to King Richard II, especially by his army of about 500 people called "Cheshire Guards". As a result, the King's title was changed to "King of England and France, Lord of Ireland, and Prince of Chester". No other British country is honored in this way, despite the loss of differences in Richard's fall in 1399.
Lands moved to Greater Manchester and Merseyside metropolitan area
Through the 1972 Local Government Act, which came into effect on April 1, 1974, some areas in the north became part of the Greater Manchester and Merseyside metropolitan areas. Stockport (formerly county district), Altrincham, Hyde, Dukinfield and Stalybridge in the northeast became part of Greater Manchester. Most of the Wirral Peninsula to the northwest, including the borough districts of Birkenhead and Wallasey, join the Merseyside as the Borough of Wirral. At the same time the Tintwistle Rural District was moved to Derbyshire. The southern Lancashire area not included in the Greater Liverpool or Greater Manchester area, including Widnes and Warrington county districts, has been added to the new non-metropolitan area of ​​Cheshire.
Halton and Warrington became independent unity authorities of the Cheshire County Council on April 1, 1998, but remained part of Cheshire for ceremonial purposes and also for fire and police.
Provided regional assemblies
Referendums for further local government reforms related to elected regional assemblies are planned for 2004, but are abandoned.
Cheshire County Council Abolition
As part of a local government restructuring in April 2009, Cheshire County Council and Cheshire district were removed and replaced by two new unity authorities, Cheshire East and Cheshire West and Chester. The unity authorities at Halton and Warrington are unaffected by the change.
Building and structure
- Gallery
The prehistoric burial ground has been found at The Bridestones near Congleton (Neolithic) and Tump Robin Hood near Alpraham (Bronze Age). The remains of the Iron Age hill found in sandstone mountains in several locations in Cheshire. Examples include Maiden Castle in Bickerton Hill, Helsby Hillfort, and Woodhouse Hillfort in Frodsham. Roman fortifications and Chester walls, perhaps the earliest building to work in Cheshire that was left above the ground, built of gray sandstone-gray.
The distinctive local red sandstones have been used for many monumental and ecclesiastical buildings throughout the region: for example, medieval Beeston Castle, Chester Cathedral, and many parish churches. Occasional residential and industrial buildings, such as the Helsby train station (1849), are also located in this sandstone.
Many of the buildings survived from the late 15th to the seventeenth centuries, especially in the southern part of the area. Important examples include the slightly overgrown Moreton Hall noble home, dating from around 1450, and many commercial and residential buildings in Chester, Nantwich and the surrounding villages.
Early brick buildings include Peover Hall near Macclesfield (1585), Tattenhall Hall (pre-1622), and Pied Bull Hotel in Chester (17th century). From the 18th century, orange, red or brown bricks became the main building material used in Cheshire, although earlier buildings were often confronted with rocks. Examples from the Victorian period and beyond often use the details of special bricks, such as brick patterns and piles of chimney ornaments and roofs. Important examples include Arley Hall near Northwich, Willington Hall near Chester (both by Nantwich architect George Latham) and Overleigh Lodge, Chester. From the Victorian era, brick buildings often incorporate wood in an artificial Tudor style, and this hybrid style has been used in some modern housing developments in this area. Industrial buildings, such as the Macclesfield silk factory (eg, Waters Green New Mill), are usually also made of bricks.
Maps Cheshire
Geography
Physical
Cheshire includes a coal plateau separating hills in North Wales and the Peak District (this area also known as Cheshire Gap). It was formed after the retreat of an ice age glacier leaving an area filled with a kettle hole, locally referred to as a resister. The bedrock of the area is almost entirely Triassic sandstone, a long-drawn outcrop, especially at Runcorn, provides a distinctive red stone for Liverpool Cathedral and Chester Cathedral.
The eastern half of the county is the Upper Triassic Mercia Mudstone with large salt deposits mined for hundreds of years around Winsford. Separating this area from the Lower Triassic Sherwood Sandstone to the west is a prominent sandstone ridge known as the Mid Cheshire Ridge. A 55 kilometer (34Ã, mi) trail, the Sandstone Trail, follows this ridge from Frodsham to Whitchurch past Delamere Forest, Beeston Castle, and previous Iron Age forts.
The highest point in Cheshire is Shining Tor on the Derbyshire/Cheshire border between Macclesfield and Buxton, at 559 meters (1,834Ã,f) above sea level. Prior to the county border change in 1974, the county's peak was Black Hill (582 m (1901 feet)) near Crowden in the far east of the historic area on the border with West Riding of Yorkshire. Black Hill is now the highest point in West Yorkshire.
Man
Green belt
Cheshire contains parts of two green belt regions around the big conurbations of Merseyside and Greater Manchester (the Northern Cheshire Green Belt, part of the North West Green Belt) and Stoke-on-Trent (South Cheshire Green Belt, part of the Stoke-on-Trent Green Belt ), this was first made from the 1950s. Contained mainly in Cheshire East and Chester West & amp; Chester, with small portions along the border of the Halton and Warrington districts, cities and towns such as Chester, Macclesfield, Alsager, Congleton, Northwich, Ellesmere Port, Knutsford, Warrington, Poynton, Disley, Neston, Wilmslow, Runcorn and Widnes is either completely surrounded, partly covered by, or on the edge of a belt. The North Cheshire Green Belt is adjacent to the Peak District Park boundary inside Cheshire.
Demographics
Population
Based on the 2001 Census, Cheshire's total population was 673,781, of which 51.3% of the population were male and 48.7% were female. Of those aged between 0-14 years old, 51.5% are males and 48.4% are females; and those who are over 75 years old, 62.9% are women and 37.1% are males. This increased to 699,735 in the 2011 Census.
In 2001, the Cheshire population density was 32 people per km², lower than the average Northwest Coast 42 people/km² and England and Wales averaging 38 people/km². Ellesmere Port and Neston have greater urban density than other areas with 92 people/km².
The population for 2021 is estimated to be 708,000.
Population change
Ethnicity
In 2001, ethnic white groups accounted for 98% (662,794) of the population, and 10,994 (2%) in ethnic groups other than white.
Of the 2% in non-white ethnic groups:
- 3,717 (34%) belong to mixed ethnic group
- 3,336 (30%) are Asian or Asian English
- 1,076 (10%) is Black or Black English
- 1,826 (17%) are from the Chinese ethnic group
- 1.039 (9%) came from other ethnic groups.
Politics and administration
Current
Cheshire is a ceremonial area. This means that although there are no local councils elected in the area, Cheshire has Lord Lieutenant and High Sheriff for ceremonial purposes under Lieutenant Law 1997.
Local government functions other than Police and Fire/Rescue services are carried out by four smaller unity authorities: Cheshire East, Cheshire West and Chester, Halton, and Warrington. The four areas of unity authority have borough status.
Polishing, fire and rescue services are still available throughout the region as a whole. The Cheshire Fire Authority consists of members from four councils, while the Cheshire Constabulary government is administered by Cheshire Chosen Police and the Crime Commissioner.
Transition from previous settings (1974)
From 1 April 1974 the area under the control of the regional council was divided into eight local government districts; Chester, Congleton, Crewe and Nantwich, Ellesmere Port and Neston, Halton, Macclesfield, Vale Royal, and Warrington. Halton (which included Runcorn and Widnes towns) and Warrington became a unitary authority in 1998. The remaining districts and counties were abolished as part of a local government restructuring on 1 April 2009. Borough Halton and Warrington were not affected by the 2009 restructuring.
On July 25, 2007, Secretary of State Hazel Blears announced he was 'minded' to divide Cheshire into two new unity authorities, Cheshire West and Chester, and Cheshire East. He confirmed that he had not changed his mind on December 19, 2007 and therefore a proposal to divide the two-tier Cheshire into two would continue.
Cheshire City Council leader Paul Findlow, who adjudicates the Court of Appeal's legal action against the proposal, claims that splitting Cheshire will only disrupt excellent service while increasing the cost of living for all. A broad sentiment that this decision was taken by the EU has long been portrayed through angry letters from Cheshire residents to local newspapers. On 31 January 2008 The Standard , the Cheshire and district newspapers, announced that legal action has been canceled. Members opposed to the proposal were advised that they may not be able to persuade the court that Hazel Blears's decision "is virtually absurd".
The Cheshire West and Chester unity authorities include areas previously occupied by City of Chester and Ellesmere Port and Neston and Vale Royal districts; Cheshire East now covers areas previously occupied by Congleton, Crewe and Nantwich districts, and Macclesfield. The amendment took place on April 1, 2009.
The Congleton Borough Council sought an appeal against a review of the missing law in October 2007. The appeal was dismissed on March 4, 2008.
Border
The ceremonial territories bordered by Merseyside, Greater Manchester, Derbyshire, Staffordshire and Shropshire in England along with Flintshire and Wrexham in Wales, governed by the direction of the compass as shown in the table. under. Cheshire is also part of the North West England region.
Religion
In the 2001 Census, 81% of the population (542,413) identified themselves as Christians; 124,677 (19%) did not identify any religion or did not answer questions; 5,665 (1%) identify themselves as part of other major world religions; and 1,033 belong to other religions.
The borders of the Diocese of England in Chester follow closest to the pre-1974 pre-1974 boundary of Cheshire, thus encompassing all the Wirral, Stockport and Cheshire covering the Tintwistle Rural district council territory. In terms of the administration of the Roman Catholic church, most of Cheshire falls into the Roman Catholic Diocese of Shrewsbury.
Economy and industry
Cheshire has a diverse economy with key sectors including agriculture, automotive, bio-technology, chemistry, financial services, food and beverage, ICT, and tourism. The district is famous for the production of Cheshire cheese, salt and silk. This area has seen some of the first discoveries and experiences in its history.
A particularly rural area, Cheshire has a high concentration of villages. Agriculture is generally based on the trade of dairy cattle, and livestock is the main livestock. Land use given to agriculture fluctuates somewhat, and in 2005 it reached 1558 km² over 4,609 holdings. Based on ownership by EC type agriculture in 2005, 8.51 km² is allocated for dairy farms, with 11.78 km² of others allocated for cattle and sheep.
The chemical industry in Cheshire was founded in Roman times, with salt mining in Middlewich and Northwich. Salt is still mined in the area by British Salt. Salt mining has caused the chemical industry to continue around Northwich, with city-based Brunner Mond. Other chemical companies, including Ineos (formerly ICI), have factories in Runcorn. The Essar Refinery (formerly Shell Stanlow Refinery) is at Ellesmere Port. The oil refinery has been in operation since 1924 and has a capacity of 12 million tons per year.
Crewe was once the center of the UK railway industry, and remains a major railroad crossing. The Crewe Rail works, built in 1840, employs 20,000 people at its peak, although the workforce is now less than 1,000. Crewe is also a Bentley car house. Also in Cheshire is a manufacturing plant for Jaguar and Vauxhall Motors at Ellesmere Port. The district also has an aircraft industry, with BAE Systems facilities at Woodford Aerodrome, part of BAE Systems' Military Solutions division. The facilities are designed and built Avro Lancaster and bombers Avro Vulcan and Hawker-Siddeley Nimrod. On the Cheshire border with Flintshire is the Broughton aircraft factory, recently associated with Airbus.
Tourism in Cheshire from within the UK and abroad continues to perform strongly. Over 8 million nights of accommodation (both in the UK and abroad) and over 2.8 million visits to Cheshire were recorded during 2003.
In early 2003, there were 22,020 companies registered at VAT in Cheshire, up 7% since 1998, many in the business services sector (31.9%) and wholesale/retail (21.7%). Between 2002 and 2003 the number of businesses grew in four sectors: public administration and other services (6.0%), hotels and restaurants (5.1%), construction (1.7%), and business services (1.0%). The district sees the largest proportional reduction between 2001 and 2002 in employment in the energy and water sector and there is also a significant reduction in the manufacturing sector. The biggest growth during this period was in the services and other distribution sectors, hotels and retail.
Cheshire is considered a prosperous area. However, cities like Crewe have significant shortcomings. The proximity of the districts with the cities of Manchester and Liverpool means that counter urbanization is commonplace. Cheshire West has a sizeable proportion of the population working in Liverpool and Manchester, while the cities of Northwich and the Cheshire East region fall deeper in the sphere of Manchester influence.
Education
The four local education authorities in Cheshire only operate a comprehensive state school system. When Altrincham, Sale and Bebington moved from Cheshire to Trafford and Merseyside in 1974, they took several Cheshire selective schools. Currently, there are three county-based universities, the University of Chester, the Crewe campus of Manchester Metropolitan University and the Chester campus of The University of Law.
Culture, media and sports
Cheshire has two Football League teams, Crewe Alexandra and Macclesfield Town, who both play in League Two. Chester, the phoenix club was formed in 2010 after the former Football League club, Chester City disbanded, competing in the Northern National League. Northwich Victoria, another ex-League team that was a founding member of Football League Division Two in 1892/1893, now represents Cheshire in the Northern League along with Nantwich Town, Warrington Town and Witton Albion.
Warrington Wolves and Widnes Vikings are the main Rugby league team in Cheshire and play in the Super League. There are also many junior clubs in this area, including Chester Gladiators. Cheshire County Cricket Club is one of the clubs that make up small counties in England and Wales cricket. Cheshire is also represented in the highest level basketball league in England, BBL, by Cheshire Phoenix (formerly Cheshire Jets). Every May, Europe's biggest motorcycle event, Thundersprint, is held in Northwich.
This area is also home to many famous athletes and athletes. Due to its proximity to Manchester and Liverpool, many Premier League players have stayed in Cheshire, including Dean Ashton, Seth Johnson, Michael Owen and Wayne Rooney. Other local athletes include cricketer Ian Botham, marathon runner Paula Radcliffe, maid Matt Langridge, runner Shirley Strong, sailor Ben Ainslie, cyclist Sarah Storey and mountaineer George Mallory, who died in 1924 on Mount Everest. Cheshire has also produced a military hero at Norman Cyril Jones, a World War I champion who won the Distinguished Flying Cross.
The district has produced several famous musicians, including Gary Barlow (Take That, born and raised in Frodsham), Harry Styles (singer with One Direction, raised in Holmes Chapel), John Mayall (John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers), Ian Astbury (The Cult), Burgess Team (Charlatans), Ian Curtis (Joy Division) and Hooton Tennis Club. Matthew Healy, vocalist of The 1975, met three bandmates at Wilmslow High School in Wilmslow. The concert pianist Stephen Hough, singer Thea Gilmore and her husband producer Nigel Stonier also live in Cheshire.
The area is also home to several writers, including Hall Caine (1853-1931), popular novelist and romantic dramaist; Alan Garner; Novelist Victoria Elizabeth Gaskell, whose novel Cranford features the hometown of Knutsford; and most famously Lewis Carroll, was born and raised in Daresbury, the Cheshire Cat (a fictitious cat popularized by Carroll on Alice's Adventure in the Wonderland) and is known for his characteristic naughty grin). Artists from this area include ceramic artist Emma Bossons and sculptor and photographer Andy Goldsworthy. Actors from Cheshire include Tim Curry; Daniel Craig, James Bond sixth; Dame Wendy Hiller; and Lewis McGibbon, famous for his role in Millions .
Local radio stations in the area include Dee 106.3, Heart and Gold for Chester and West Cheshire, Silk FM for the eastern county, Signal 1 and The Cat 107.9 for the south, Wire FM for Warrington and Wish FM, which includes Widnes. Cheshire is the only county (along with Durham County, Dorset and Rutland) which does not have its own BBC Radio station. The majority of the area (south and east) is covered by BBC Radio Stoke, while BBC Radio Merseyside tends to cover the west. The BBC directs readers to Stoke and Staffordshire when Cheshire is selected on their website. The BBC covers the western region with BBC Radio Merseyside, north and east with BBC Radio Manchester and south with BBC Radio Stoke. There are plans to launch BBC Radio Cheshire, but they were shelved in 2007 after a lower-than-expected BBC license fee settlement.
The Royal Cheshire Show, an annual agricultural show, has been going on for the last 175 years and includes exhibitions, games and competitions.
Modern county symbol
As part of a marketing campaign in 2002, Plantlife conservation organizations chose cuckooflower as the county flower. Previously, a bunch of golden grain was the county emblem, a reference to the Earl of Chester arm used from the 12th century.
Settlements
This area is home to some of the most prosperous areas in northern England, including Alderley Edge, Wilmslow, Prestbury, Tarporley and Knutsford, referred to in 2006 as the most expensive place to buy homes in northern England. The former Cheshire Altrincham town was in second place. This area is sometimes referred to as the Golden Triangle because of the territory in and around these towns and villages.
The cities and towns of Cheshire are:
Some of the settlements that historically part of the county now fall under the districts of Derbyshire, Merseyside and Greater Manchester:
Transport
Bus transport
The bus transportation in Cheshire is provided by various operators. The main bus operator in the Cheshire area is Arriva North West. Other operators in Cheshire include Stagecoach Chester & amp; Wirral, Halton Transport, and Network Warrington.
There are also several operators based outside of Cheshire who run services entirely within areas or services that start from outside the region. Companies include Arriva Buses Wales, BakerBus, High Peak, First Greater Manchester, GHA Coaches and Manchester Stagecoach.
Some services run under contract to Cheshire West and Chester, Cheshire East, Borough of Halton and Warrington Councils.
Rail and path
The main railway through this area is the West Coast Main Line. Many trains call for Crewe (in the south of the county) and Warrington Bank Quay (in the north county) en route to London and Scotland, as well as Runcorn in Liverpool WCML branch.
The main exchanges are:
- Crewe (the largest station in Cheshire) for trains to London Euston and Scotland (via WCML), Wales, The Midlands (Birmingham, Stoke and Derby) and suburb services to Manchester Piccadilly , Chester, and Liverpool Lime Street. Warrington Station (Central and Bank Quay) for suburb services to Manchester Piccadilly, Chester and Liverpool Lime Street and regional express services to North Wales, London, Scotland, Yorkshire, East Coast and East Midlands
- Chester for urban services (via Merseyrail) to Liverpool Central, suburb services to Manchester, Warrington, Wrexham General and Cheshire countryside and express services to Llandudno, Holyhead, Birmingham, West Midlands, London and Cardiff and from December 2017, to Leeds
To the east of Cheshire, Macclesfield station is served by Virgin Trains and CrossCountry, on the Manchester-London line. Service from Manchester to South Beach often stops at Macclesfield.
Cheshire has 3.417 miles (5,499 km) of roads, including 214 miles (344 km) of the M6, M62, M53 and M56 highways, with 23 intersections and four service areas. The M6 ​​Expressway in Thelwall Viaduct carries 140,000 vehicles every 24 hours.
Water channel
Cheshire channel systems include several channels originally used to transport regional industrial products (mostly chemicals). Currently they are mainly used for tourist traffic. The Cheshire Ring is formed from the Rochdale canal, Ashton, Peak Forest, Macclesfield, Trent, Mersey, and Bridgewater.
The Manchester Ship Channel is a 58 kilometer wide stretch of water that opened in 1894. It consists of the Irwell and Mersey rivers that can be navigated to Manchester to sail in the sea leaving the Mersey estuary. The canals pass through the north through Runcorn and Warrington.
List of streams and channels
- Bridgewater Channel
- Macclesfield Canal
- Manchester Ship Channel
- Bollin River
- The Croco River
- Dane River
- The Dean River
- Dee River/Afon Dyfrdwy
- Gowy River
- River Goyt
- River Mersey
- River Weaver and Weaver Navigation
- River Wheelock
- Union Shropshire Channel and Llangollen branch
- Trent and Mersey Canal
See also
- British Outline
- Cheshire (constituent of British Parliament), parliamentary history list for Cheshire constituents
- Health Care in Cheshire
- Custos Rotulorum of Cheshire - Guard Rolls
- Mr. Lieutenant from Cheshire
- Cheshire High Sheriff
- Cheshire Cat
- Cheshire cheese
Notes and references
Note
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
- Cheshire on Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- Cheshire Lieutenancy
- Cheshire Market Towns - board that maintains guides to Cheshire's Market Towns
- DiscoverCheshire's official website - the board manages recreational routes and state parks
- Cheshire Image in the Archives of British Cultural Heritage
- National Statistics Office - 2001 Bicentenary - Cheshire
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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