Bhumibol Adulyadej

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Bhumibol Adulyadej (Thai: ????????????? ; RTGS: Ã, Phumiphon Adunyadet ; pronounced Ã, [p ??:. MÃÆ'.p ?? n. D? Nj?.dÃÆ'¨p] Ã, ( listen ) ; see full title below; 5 December 1927 - 13 October 2016), given under the title Raja Bhumibol Agung in 1987, was the ninth Thai king of the Chakri dynasty as Rama IX . Ruling from June 9, 1946, he, at the time of his death, the longest head of state in the world, the longest king in Thai history and the longest ruler who ruled as an adult, reigned for 70 years, 126 days. During his reign, he was served by a total of 30 prime ministers starting with Pridi Banomyong and ending with Prayut Chan-o-cha.

Forbes predicts the luck of Bhumibol - including property and investment managed by the Crown Property Bureau, a unique entity that is not private or government property (assets administered by the Bureau are owned by the crown as an institution, not by the king as an individual ) - to US $ 30 billion in 2010, and he heads the list of "world's richest kings" from 2008 to 2013. In May 2014, Bhumibol's fortune was once again listed as US $ 30 billion.

After 2006, Bhumibol suffered from a declining health and spent a long time at Siriraj Hospital, where he died on October 13, 2016. He is generally highly respected by people in Thailand - many who even see him as a person close to God. Leading political activists and Thai citizens who criticize the monarch or king are often forced into exile or often imprisoned. However, many cases were dropped before being processed or ultimately royal forgiveness. Cremation was held on October 26, 2017 at the royal crematorium in Sanam Luang.

His successor, Vajiralongkorn, did not share his popularity, leading to fears that the Thai monarchy would lose prestige and influence under the latter rule.

Video Bhumibol Adulyadej

Etimologi

Bhumibol U.S. birth certificate only read "Baby Songkla ", because parents should consult with his uncle, King Rama VII (Prajadhipok), then head of House of Chakri, for a good name. The king chose the name of the origin of Sanskrit, Bhumibol Adulyadej (Devanagari: ??????????????, IAST : Bh? Mibala Atulyateja ), a compound of Bh? mi (????), meaning "Land"; Bala (??), meaning "Strength" or "Strength"; Atulya (??????), which means "Unrivaled"; and Tej (???), which means "Strength". Thus, Bh? Mibala Atulyateja , or Bhumibol Adulyadej as transliterated in Thai, literally "Land Power, Unparalleled Power". Early life

Bhumibol was born in Cambridge Hospital (now Mount Auburn Hospital) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, on December 5, 1927. He was the youngest son of Prince Mahidol Adulyadej, Prince Songkla, and the wife of his mother Sangwan (later Princess Srinagarindra, Princess Mother). Her father was enrolled in a public health program at Harvard University, which is why Bhumibol is the only king born in the US. Bhumibol has a sister, Princess Galyani Vadhana, and an older brother, Prince Ananda Mahidol.

Bhumibol came to Thailand in 1928, after his father obtained a certificate from Harvard. His father died of kidney failure in September 1929, when Bhumibol was less than two years old. He briefly attended the Mater Dei school in Bangkok, but in 1933 his mother took his family to Switzerland, where he continued his education at ÃÆ' â € ° cole nouvelle de la Suisse romande in Lausanne. In 1934 Bhumibol was given his first camera, which sparked his lifelong enthusiasm for photography. When Uncle Bhumibol's uncle, Prajadhipok, abdicated in 1935, his nine-year-old brother Ananda became the new King of Rama VIII. However, the family remains in Switzerland and the affairs of the head of state are carried out by the district council. They returned to Thailand for only two months in 1938. In 1942, Bhumibol became a fan of jazz, and began playing the saxophone, the passion he kept throughout his life. He received a baccalaurÃÆ'Â © at des lettres (high school diploma with French, Latin and Greek literary majors) from the Gymnase Classique Cantonal Lausanne, and in 1945 began studying science at the University of Lausanne, during World War II ends and the family can return to Thailand.

Maps Bhumibol Adulyadej

Succession and marriage

Bhumibol ascended the throne after death by his brother's gunshot wound, King Ananda Mahidol, on June 9, 1946, in a state that remains unclear. While the government's first statement stated that Ananda accidentally shot himself, the investigative committee decided that this was almost impossible. Two court maids were eventually convicted of killing the king and executed. A third possibility, that Bhumibol accidentally shot his brother while the brothers played with their pistols, was never seriously considered.

Bhumibol succeeded his brother, but returned to Switzerland before the end of the 100-day mourning period. Though interested in science and technology, he changed his department and enrolled in law and political science to prepare for his duties as head of state. His uncle, Rangsit, Prince of Chainat, was appointed Prince of the Bupati. In the name of Bhumibol, Prince Rangsit acknowledged a military coup that overthrew the Thamrongnawasawat government in November 1947. The Bupati also signed the 1949 constitution, which restored the monarchy to many kingdoms that had been lost by the 1932 Revolution.

In December 1946, the Siamese government allocated several hundred thousand dollars to the cremation ceremony of the remnant of the late King Ananda, a necessary start for the coronation of Bhumibol that was required by religious custom to set fire to burning. The condition that was not ready in 1947 after the coup resulted in a delay, and the court astrologers determined that March 2, 1949 was the most favorable date.

While doing a degree in Switzerland, Bhumibol often visits Paris. It was in Paris he first met Mrs. Rajawongse Sirikit Kitiyakara, daughter of the Thai ambassador to France (Nakkhatra Mangala) and the great-grandson of King Chulalongkorn and thus Bhumibol's cousin. He is 15 years old and trained to become a concert pianist.

On October 4, 1948, when Bhumibol drove Fiat Topolino on the Geneva-Lausanne avenue, he collided with the back of a 10 km braking truck outside Lausanne. He injured his back, suffered paralysis in half his face and there was a wound on his face that made him lose sight of his right eye. Both royal cremation and coronation must be postponed once more. When he was hospitalized in Lausanne, Sirikit often visited him. He met his mother, who asked him to continue his studies nearby so that Bhumibol could know him better. Bhumibol chose for her boarding school in Lausanne, Riante Rive. The quiet engagement in Lausanne was followed on 19 July 1949, and they married on April 28, 1950, just a week before his coronation. Their marriage was described by The New York Times as "the shortest and simplest royal wedding ever held in the country of gilded elephants and white umbrellas". The ceremony was performed by an old Bhumibol's grandmother, Savang Vadhana.

Bhumibol and Sirikit have four children:

• (Formerly HRH) Princess Ubolratana Rajakanya, born 5 April 1951 in Lausanne, Switzerland; married to Peter Ladd Jensen (now divorced), and has two daughters. His son, Bhumi Jensen, was killed in a tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.
• King Maha Vajiralongkorn, born July 28, 1952; married Mom Luang Soamsawali Kitiyakara (then divorced and became HRH Princess Niece); one daughter. Then married Yuvadhida Polpraserth (then divorced); four sons and a daughter. The third marriage was Srirasmi Suwadee (now divorced); one son.
• HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn, born April 2, 1955; never married, no problem
• HRH Princess Chulabhorn Walailak, born July 4, 1957; married to Virayudh Tishyasarin, (now divorced); two daughters

src: www.todayonline.com

Coronation and title

After leading a long cremation ceremony performed by his brother, Ananda Mahidol, Bhumibol was crowned King of Thailand on May 5, 1950 at Dangkalan Bangkal Daksin Hall at the Grand Palace in Bangkok. This is the first coronation ceremony of a Thai ruler to rule under a constitutional monarchy system. During the ceremony, he promised that he would "rule with the truth for the benefit and happiness of the Siamese people" ("????????????????????????? Important elements associated with coronation include the Bahadrabith Throne under the Great White State Umbrella and royal regalia and equipment.

In 1950 on the Day of Coronation, the empress of Bhumibol was made a queen (Somdej Phra Boromarajini). The coronation date is celebrated every May 5th in Thailand as the Day of Coronation, a public holiday. On June 9, 2006, Bhumibol celebrated its 60th anniversary as King of Thailand, becoming the longest ruling monarch in Thai history.

The royal couple spent their honeymoon in Hua Hin before they returned to Switzerland, where the king completed his studies at the university. They returned to Thailand in 1951.

After her grandmother's death, Queen Savang Vadhana, Bhumibol entered the 15-day monkhood (October 22, 1956 - November 5, 1956) at Wat Bowonniwet, like the Buddhist man's custom at the death of old relatives. He was ordained by the Great Patriarch on October 22, 1956 at the Royal Chapel of Emerald Buddha at the Grand Palace. During this time, Sirikit was appointed as a bupati. He was then appointed as the Regent of Queen (Somdej Phra Boromarajininat) in recognition of this.

Although Bhumibol is sometimes referred to as Raja Rama IX in English, Thailand calls it Nai Luang or Phra Chao Yu Hua (?????? or ???? ?????????), which translates to "King" and "Lord Upon Our Heads", respectively. He is also called Chao Chiwit ("Lord of Life"). Formally, he is referred to as Phrabat Somdet Phra Chao Yu Hua, or, in a legal document, Phrabat Somdet Phra Paraminthara Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej (???????????????????????????????????????????? ?? ??????), and in English as "Your Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej". He signed the name as ?????????????? ? (Bhumibol Adulyadej Por Ror, Thai equivalent of "Bhumibol Adulyadej R [ex])".

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Role in Thai politics

In 1957, a military coup overthrew the government of Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram on allegations of corruption and election manipulation held earlier that year. It started a new and long-term relationship between the king and the military, which led some to understand that the king forgave the Thammasat University massacre to defend his throne, and supported a series of military dictatorships. However, during an interview given to the BBC in 1979, the king reiterated that the monarchy must remain impartial and be in peaceful co-existence with everyone. Bhumibol invited public criticism in a 2005 speech, but the lÃÆ'¨se majestÃÆ'Â © legislation has not been revoked by the Thai parliament.

Era Plaek Phibunsongkhram

In the early years of his reign, during the military dictatorship of Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Bhumibol had no real political power and little more than a ceremonial figure under a military-dominated government. In August 1957, six months after the parliamentary elections, General Sarit Thanarat accused the government of Field Marshal Phibunsongkhram of lÃÆ'¨se-majestÃÆ'Â © for his behavior in the 2500th anniversary of the Buddha. On September 16, 1957, Phibunsongkhram went to Bhumibol to seek support for his government. Bhumibol suggested the field marshal resign to avoid a coup d'etat. Phibunsongkhram refused. That afternoon, Sarit Thanarat seized power. Two hours later Bhumibol imposed martial law throughout the kingdom. Bhumibol issued a proclamation that appointed Sarit as "the capital defender of the capital" without anyone replying to the proclamation. That includes the following:

Whereas it appears that public administration by the government under the prime minister Field Marshal P. Phibunsongkhram can not be trusted, and that the government can not maintain public order; and while the military, led by Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat, has managed to take over the public administration and is now acting as the Military Defender of the Capital; now, therefore, I hereby appoint Supreme Commander Sarit Thanarat as the Capital Defender of the Capital, and order that all citizens will remain calm while all government officials will serve the orders issued by Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat. This Proclamation will come into force immediately. Finished 16th Day of September, Buddhist Era 2500 (1957).

Sarit Thanarat era

During the Sarit dictatorship, the monarchy was revitalized. Bhumibol attended public ceremonies, traveled to protected provinces and development projects, he also visited the United States and many countries in Europe. Under Sarit, the practice of crawling in front of the nobility during a hearing, banned by King Chulalongkorn, was revived in certain circumstances and the Thammayut Nikaya-sponsored kingdom's order was revitalized. For the first time since an absolute monarchy was overthrown, a king was taken to the Chao Phraya River in the Royal Barge Procession to offer a cloak at the temples.

Other unused ceremonies of the classical period of the Chakri Dynasty, such as the lavishly supported piracy ceremony (Thai: ??????????), were also revived. Bhumibol's birthday (5 December) declared a national day, replacing the previous national day, anniversary of the Siamese revolution of 1932 (June 24). After the death of Sarit on December 8, 1963, an unprecedented marriage for 21 days was declared in the palace. The five-royal umbrella shadows his body as he lies down. Long-term royal adviser Phraya Srivisarn Vacha later noted that no Prime Minister ever had such an intimate relationship with Bhumibol as Sarit.

Bhumibol biographer Paul Handley, in The King Never Smiles, writes that the Sarit dictator is a Bhumibol instrument. Political scientist Thak Chaloemtiarana writes that Sarit used Bhumibol to build his own credibility.

Massacre at Thammasat University

After Sarit's death, General Thanom Kittikachorn rose to power to lead the Thai military dictatorship, eventually challenged by Thailand's popular uprising in 1973. Bhumibol initially asked the student protesters to disband. When police attacked and killed dozens of students, sparking riot protests, Bhumibol announced Thanom's resignation and resignation from Thailand.

Bhumibol distanced himself from the Thai military after the fall of Thanom. But political events in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, which bring strong guerrillas and communist movements into power or superiority, threaten the monarchy and the formation of Thai politics. Fearing Bhumibol riots began to military tribunals in 1975, visited camps across the country, and publicly warned of internal and external threats. Currently Bhumibol is increasingly developing rightwing militias and paramilitary forces, including Red Gaurs and Scouts, warning that students and political dissidents are planning to bring communist rule in Thailand. Finally Bhumibol provoked outrage among students and legal groups by inviting the general Thanom back to the country.

The ensuing chaos was used as a pretext for a military coup, supported by Bhumibol and described as a manifestation of the will of the people. The incident that moved the coup was the massacre of Thammasat University, conducted in the name of defending Bhumibol's throne. The winning military junta handed three names to the king as prime minister candidate: Vice-President of the Royal Advisory Council of Prakob Hutasingh, Bangkok Governor Thamnoon Thien-ngern, and a highly anti-communist judge, Chief Justice Thanin Kraivichien. Thanin is a member of the Nawaphon monarchist paramilitary group, which has the support of the CIA, and which Bhumibol accused as a sponsor. Bhumibol chose Thanin as the most suitable prime minister, prominent student demonstrators fleeing to join the communists in the forest. Thanin himself was ousted in a military coup in October 1977 led by General Kriangsak Chamanan.

Prem Tinsulanonda Era

Kriangsak succeeded in 1980 by the popular Commander of the Armed Forces, General Prem Tinsulanonda who later became President of the Advisory Board.

Bhumibol's refusal to support a military coup in 1981 (April Fool's Day coup) and 1985 (Rebellion Sharing) ultimately led to a victory of loyal troops to the government, despite some violence - including, in 1981, the seizure of Bangkok by rebel forces. The coup made many believe that Bhumibol has misjudged Thai society and its credibility as an impartial mediator between various political and military factions has been compromised.

Crisis 1992

In 1992, Bhumibol played a key role in Thailand's transition to a democratic system. The coup of 23 February 1991 brought Thailand back to the military dictatorship. After the 1992 general election, the majority of the party invited General Suchinda Kraprayoon, the leader of the coup group, to become prime minister. This led to many disagreements, which rose to a demonstration that caused a large number of deaths when the military was brought in to control the demonstrators. The situation became increasingly critical as police and military forces clashed with protesters. Violence and riots spread to many areas of the capital with rumors of a rift between the armed forces.

Amid fears of civil war, Bhumibol intervened. He called Suchinda and the leader of the pro-democracy movement, resigned Maj. Gen. Chamlong Srimuang, to television-audiences, and urged them to find a peaceful resolution. At the height of the crisis, the sight of the two men appeared together on their knees (in accordance with the royal protocol) made a strong impression on the nation, and led to the resignation of Suchinda shortly thereafter.

It was one of the few occasions where Bhumibol directly and publicly intervened in political conflict. Elections are held shortly thereafter, leading to civilian rule.

The 2003 War on Drugs

In his speech on December 4, 2002 on the eve of his birthday, King Bhumibol spoke of increased drug use, high social costs and drug-induced deaths, and called for "war on drugs". Private Advisor General Phichit Kunlawanit called on Thaksin Shinawatra's government to use a majority in parliament to form a special court to deal with drug dealers, who stated that "if we execute 60,000 land will rise and our offspring will escape from bad karma".

On January 14, 2003, Thaksin launched a campaign to get rid of "every square inch of the country" of drugs. His "war on drugs" campaign consists of provincial arrest and foreclosure quotas including "blacklists", rewards government officials for achieving targets, and threatens punishment for those who fail to make quotas, are targeted by sellers, and spreading cruel acts done by campaign. In the first three months, Human Rights Watch reported that 2,275 people were killed, nearly twice the number who are usually killed in drug-related violence. Human rights critics claim a large number of executed outside the law. The War on Drugs has been criticized by the international community.

According to the Narcotics Control Agency, the campaign was effective in reducing drug consumption, especially in schools. Bhumibol, in a speech in 2003, warned Thaksin and criticized those who counted only dead drug dealers while ignoring drug-induced deaths.

"Victory in the Drug War is good, they may blame the crackdown on more than 2,500 deaths, but this is a small price to pay.If the prime minister fails to curb [drug trafficking], over the years the number of deaths will easily surpass the toll this. "

After the 2006 coup, the military junta appointed a committee headed by former Kanit Attorney General Na Nakorn to investigate deaths in the war on drugs. Organizers found that more than half of those killed in 2003 had no connection to drug trafficking and blamed violence on the government's "shoot-to-kill" policy based on a flawed blacklist. However, none were prosecuted, with interim Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont stating that there was insufficient evidence to take legal action.

When he became an opposition leader, Abhisit Vejjajiva accused Thaksin of committing crimes against humanity in the war on drugs. After he became Prime Minister, Abhisit opened an investigation led by former Kaewcharoen Kampee public prosecutor, claiming that a successful examination could lead to prosecution by the International Criminal Court.

Crisis 2005-2006 and coup September 2006

Background coup d'etat

A few weeks before the April 2006 legislative elections, the Democratic-led opposition and the People's Alliance for Democracy petitioned Bhumibol to appoint a replacement prime minister and cabinet. The demand for royal intervention was met with much criticism from the public. Bhumibol, in a speech on April 26, 2006, replied, "Asking a prime minister appointed by the Royal is undemocratic, sorry, messy, it is irrational".

After publicly claiming victory in April's boycotted parliamentary elections, Thaksin Shinawatra has a private audience with the king. A few hours later, Thaksin appeared on national television to announce that he would take a break from politics.

In May 2006, the newspaper owned by Sondhi Limthongkul owned by Daily Manager published a series of articles describing "Finland Plot", alleging that Thaksin and former members of the Communist Party of Thailand plan to overthrow the king and seize control of the nation. No evidence has ever been made to verify the existence of such a plot, and Thaksin and his Thai Rak Thai party vehemently deny the allegations and prosecute the accusers.

In a rare and televised speech to a senior judge, Bhumibol asked the court to take action to resolve the political crisis. On May 8, 2006, the Constitutional Court overturned the April election results and ordered a new election scheduled for October 15, 2006. The Criminal Court then imprisoned the Election Commissioners.

On July 14, 2006, President of the Advisory Board Prem Tinsulanonda spoke with cadets graduated from Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy, informing them that the Thai military should serve the nation and the king - not the government.

On July 20, Bhumibol signed a royal decree authorizing the election of a new House for October 15, 2006. In an unprecedented action, the King wrote a record of a royal decree calling for a clean and fair election. That day, Bhumibol underwent spinal surgery.

Coup

On the night of September 19, the Thai army overthrew Thaksin's government and seized Bangkok in a bloodless coup. The junta, led by Sonthi Boonyaratglin, the Army Commander, calls itself the Democratic Reform Council under the Constitutional Monarchy. He accused the ousted prime minister and his criminal regime, including lÃÆ'¨se majestÃÆ'Â ©, and promised his loyalty to Bhumibol. The military emergency was announced, the constitution was revoked and the October election was canceled. Protests and political meetings are prohibited.

The role of the king in the coup was subject to much speculation among Thai analysts and international media, although the publication of the speculation was banned in Thailand. The king had an audience with President Privy Council Prem Tinsulanonda at the same time the special forces troops mobilized. Anti-coup protesters claim that Prem is the mastermaker of the coup, even though the military claims the opposite and forbids any discussion of the topic. In a BBC interview, Thitinan Pongsudhirak of Chulalongkorn University noted, "This coup is no less than Thaksin versus King... He [the king] is widely seen as implicitly endorsing the coup." In the same interview, social critic Sulak Sivaraksa stated, "Without the [king]'s involvement, the coup is impossible." Sulak added that the king was "very skilled, he was never clearly involved, if this coup was wrong, Sonthi would be blamed, but whatever happened, the King would only be praised." On Saturday, September 23, 2006, the junta warned it would "immediately retaliate against foreign journalists whose coverage is considered offensive to the kingdom." President Bhumibol's secret council, General Prem Tinsulanonda, supported the coup. The junta then appoints Supreme General Surayud Chulanont as prime minister.

On April 20, 2009, Thaksin claimed in an interview with the Financial Times that Bhumibol had been briefed by Private Advisers Prem Tinsulanonda and Surayud Chulanont about their plans to stage a 2006 coup. He claimed that General Panlop Pinmanee, a leader The People's Alliance for Democracy, has informed him of direction. The Thai embassy in London denies Thaksin's claim.

After the coup

The junta appoints a constitutional assembly to decide on alleged election fraud involving racial Thai and Democratic political parties. The guilty verdict will dissolve the two sides, the largest and oldest in Thailand, respectively, and forbade the leadership of parties from politics for five years. A few weeks before the verdict saw increasing political tension. On May 24, 2007, about a week before the scheduled verdict, Bhumibol gave a rare speech to the Supreme Administrative Court (a president who is also a member of the constitutional court). "You have a responsibility to prevent the country from collapsing", he warned them in a speech, which was shown on all national television channels simultaneously at night. "The nation needs a political party... In my mind I have an assessment but I can not say it", he said. "Any way his decision goes, it will be bad for the country, there will be a mistake". The court later freed the Democratic Party, but dissolved the Thai Rak Thai Party and banned 111 executives from politics for five years.

The junta-designated Constitutional Assembly then tried to use the King in a propaganda campaign to increase public support for a widely criticized constitutional draft. The CDA puts a billboard reading "Love the King, care about the King, vote in a referendum" across northeastern Thailand, where the opposition to the junta is the largest.

crisis 2008

The military constitution endorsed a referendum, and elections were held in December 2007. The People Power Party (PPP), comprised of many former MPs and supporters of the Rakrat Party of Thailand, won a majority and formed a government. The People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD) refused to accept the election results and began to protest, eventually besieging Government Buildings, Don Mueang Airport, and Suvarnabhumi Airport. Although PAD claims they are defending the monarchy, Bhumibol remains silent. However, after a PAD supporter died in a clash with police, Queen Sirikit led her cremation. Princess Sirindhorn, when asked at a US press conference whether the PAD acted on behalf of the monarchy, replied, "I think not, they do things for themselves." Questions and criticisms of Bhumibol's role in the crisis escalated, especially from the international press. "It is increasingly difficult for them to hold the illusion that the monarchy is universally revered," said a Thai academic.

In April 2008, Bhumibol appointed the alleged coup plot of General Surayud Chulanont to the Royal Advisory Council of Thailand. In the weeks leading up to the 2011 election, Bhumibol appointed Chief Marshal Chalit Pukbhasuk, a leader of the 2006 military coup, to his privacy council.

Health declines

Bhumibol suffered from a lumbar spine stenosis, and received microsurgical decompression for the condition in July 2006. He was admitted to hospital in October 2007 and was diagnosed with a blood deficiency to his brain. She received treatment for various ailments including heart problems and was released after three weeks.

Bhumibol returned to hospital at Siriraj Hospital in September 2009, apparently suffering from flu and pneumonia. In 2011, it was revealed as part of a leak of US diplomatic cables from WikiLeaks that suffered from Parkinson's disease and depression. He was diagnosed with diverticulitis in hospital in November 2011, and was treated for a condition in January 2012. Bhumibol suffered a minute subdural hemorrhage in his left frontal area of ​​the brain treated in July 2012. Bhumibol left hospital in July 2013, and traveled to Klai Kangwon Palace in Hua Hin on 2 August 2013, but returns intermittently in subsequent years, last on June 1, 2015. Bhumibol is too ill to appear at his public birthday celebrations on December 5, 2015, but makes a television appearance on December 14, the first in a few months. The temporary King left the hospital to visit Chitralada Royal Villa on January 11, 2016 but back on that day.

On October 1, 2016, the palace released a bulletin stating that after recovering from a fever, King Bhumibol underwent tests that revealed a blood infection and X-rays found inflammation in his left lung, along with water in his lungs. He had kidney failure for some time and received dialysis. On October 9, he was placed in a ventilator and doctors said he was "unstable". A well-wishing crowd, many dressed in pink symbolize good health and good fortune, gathered outside Siriraj Hospital and the Royal Palace to offer prayers and support.

On October 12, the royal children arrived at Siriraj Hospital and Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn had met with the prime minister. There is some concern about the succession of the crown prince, though he is not respected like his father and speculation says that some of the court elite, responding to the public admiration for Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn, may try to position it to take the throne.

src: d.ibtimes.co.uk

Death

King Bhumibol Adulyadej died at the Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand on October 13, 2016, at 15:52 local time, at 88, as announced by the royal palace on that day. The next day, her body was taken with a carriage ride to the Royal Palace for a regular bathing ritual. His only son and next in line to rule the kingdom, Maharaja Maha Maha Vajiralongkorn, led the bathing ritual at the Singgasana Phiman Rattaya Hall. A day later, on October 14 at 16:35, the dead body of the king was transferred to the Royal Palace of the Siriraj Hospital. Thousands of grievous people were overtaken by the route, showing their love for their "king king". The royal procession arrives at the Grand Palace via Viset Chaisri Gate at 17:00.

The royal cremation ceremony lasts for five days at the end of October 2017. The real cremation, which was not broadcast on television, was held on the afternoon of October 26, 2017. After the cremation, the corpse and the ashes were brought to the Royal Palace. and immortalized in Chakri Maha Phasat Throne Hall (royal corpse), Royal Cemetery at Wat Ratchabophit and Temple Vihara Wat Bowonniwet Vihara (royal ash). After the burial, the mourning period officially ends at midnight October 30, 2017 and Thailand has again put on a regular color, pending the coronation of the future Vajiralongkorn King, which will be fixed in the future.

src: qz.com

The power of the kingdom

Constitutional Strength

For a historical perspective on how Bhumibol's constitutional powers change over time see the article of the Thai Constitution.

Bhumibol has enormous power, in part because of its enormous popularity and partly because its power - though clearly defined in the Thai constitution - is often subject to conflicting interpretations. This is highlighted by the controversy surrounding the appointment of Jaruvan Maintaka as Auditor-General. Jaruvan was appointed by the State Audit Commission, but in July 2004, the Constitutional Court ruled that his appointment was unconstitutional. Jaruvan refused to vacate his office without an explicit order from Bhumibol, arguing that he had previously been legally approved. When the Senate voted for Jaruvan's successor, Bhumibol refused to approve it. The Senate refused to vote to replace Bhumibol's veto. Finally in February 2006 the Audit Commission returned Jaruvan when it became clear from a memo from the Office of the Chief Executive Secretary that King Bhumibol supported his appointment. Bhumibol only vetoed the law on rare occasions. In 1976, when Parliament voted 149-19 to extend democratic elections down to the district level, Bhumibol refused to sign the law. Parliament refused to vote to cancel the King's veto. In 1954, Bhumibol vetoed the land reform legislation approved by parliament twice before agreeing to sign it. The law limits the maximum land a person can own up to 50 rai (80,000 square meters (860,000 sq., Ft)), at a time when the Crown Property Bureau is the largest royal landowner. The law was not enforced because General Sarit immediately overthrew the elected government in a coup and revoked the law.

Bhumibol has a constitutional prerogative to forgive criminals, although there are several criteria for receiving forgiveness, including the age and the remaining penalties. The 2006 pardon of several convicted child rapists, including Australian rapists and child pornography, caused controversy. Under the Thai Constitution, however, the king has a prerogative to grant pardons and all laws, royal texts, and royal orders relating to state affairs must be signed by a minister unless otherwise stated in the constitution.

Network monarchy and extrapolonial forces

Some academics outside Thailand, including Duncan McCargo and Federico Ferrara, noted Bhumibol's active political engagement through the "network monarchy," whose most significant proportion was the President of the Tinsulanonda Prem Advisory Board. McCargo claimed that Bhumibol's conservative network was working behind the scenes to build political influence in the 1990s but was threatened by a landslide victory by Thaksin Shinawatra in 2001 and 2005. Ferrara claimed, shortly before the Supreme Court of Thailand passed its ruling to seize Thaksin Shinawatra's assets, that the judiciary is an established part of the Bhumibol network and represents its main road to carrying out an extra-constitutional prerogative despite its constitutional appearance. He also notes how, compared to the 2001 Constitutional Court decision on Thaksin's release, the judiciary is a much more important part of the "network" than in the past.

The network's ability to exercise power is partly based on Bhumibol's popularity and strict control over Bhumibol's popular image. According to Jost Pachaly of the Heinrich BÃÆ'¶ll Foundation, Bhumibol "plays an important role behind the scenes, but its role is difficult to assess because nothing is reported about it and nobody really knows anything specific", because the lese majeste law forbids discussion of Bhumibol's political activities. The popularity of Bhumibol was demonstrated after the riots in Phnom Penh in 2003, when hundreds of Thai protesters, angered by rumors that Cambodian rioters had stepped on Bhumibol photos, gathered outside Cambodia's embassy in Bangkok. The photos of the stomping were not published in Thailand, but available on the internet. The situation was resolved peacefully only when General Police Sant Sarutanonda told the crowd that she had received a call from royal secretary Arsa Sarasin who delivered Bhumibol's request to calm down. The crowd dispersed.

src: d.ibtimes.co.uk

Royal projects

History

The development of the state should be nurtured gradually. This should start with infrastructure development, which is the provision of food and basic necessities for the community with economical, cautious and principle-based methods. Once the foundation is established steadily, progress can be continuous, promoted with caution and economical. This approach will prevent errors and failures, and lead to a certain and complete achievement of the goal.

Bhumibol is involved in many social and economic development projects. The nature of his involvement varies by the political regime.

The government of Plaek Phibunsongkhram (1951-1957) limited Bhumibol to a ceremonial role. During that period Bhumibol produced several films and operated radio stations from Chitlada Palace using private funds.

In the military government of Sarit Thanarat and his successors (1958-1980), Bhumibol is described as the "King of development" and the inspiration for the economic and political purposes of the regime. Secretly, projects are implemented under the government's financial and political support, including projects in rural areas and communities under the influence of the Communist Party of Thailand. Bhumibol's visit to these projects is heavily promoted by the Sarit government and is broadcast in state-controlled media.

During the reign of Prem Tinsulanonda (1981-1987), relations between the Thai state and the king were closest. Prem, who later became President of Privy Council Bhumibol, officially allocated the government and labor budget to support royal projects. Most of the activities in this period involve the development of large-scale irrigation projects in rural areas.

During the modern period (post-1988), the structured development of royal projects reached its peak. The Chaipattana Bhumibol Foundation was founded, promoting its "economic adequacy" theory, an alternative to export-oriented policies adopted by the elected government of that period. Following the 2006 coup, the establishment of "economic sufficiency" was enshrined in the constitution as the central objective of the government, and government financial support for royal projects was enhanced.

Sampling of the project

• 'Sandwich' and 'Supersandwich' artificial rain-making project under the Royal Thai Rainmaking Project
• Chai Pattana Waste Water Aerator, was awarded a gold medal by BKU (The Belgian Chamber of Inventors) at Brussels Eureka 2000
• 'Economic Sufficiency' Theory
• New Theory of Agriculture
• The use of Vetivar Grass for Soil Improvement, was awarded the International Merit Award by IECA (International Erosion Control Association)
• Kaem Ling Project, establishment of place of detention
• Klaeng Din Project, acid soil treatment
• Fai Maeo Project, establishment of check check
• Khun And Prakanchon Dam, Nakhon Nayok Province
• Pa Sak Jolasid Dam, Lop Buri Province
• Pa Sak River Basin Repair Project
• Khlong Lat Pho Project, water diversion to prevent flooding in Bangkok
• Rama VIII Bridge
• Ratchadaphisek Road
• Bangkok Industrial Road Bridge/Bhumibol Bridge
• Huai Ongkod Land Rehabilitation Project, Kanchanaburi Province
• Khao Hin Son Child Development Center, Chachoengsao Province
• Phikun Thong Kingdom Development Studies Center, Narathiwat Province
• Huai Sai Kingdom Development Study Center, Phetchaburi Province
• Huai Hong Khrai Kingdom Development Center, Chiang Mai
• The Royal Medical Team. Bhumibol's personal doctor who accompanied him on a village tour was encouraged to provide medical care for the locals. In addition, the Royal Household sent a letter of support to doctors who volunteered to serve at the hospital in the province where the royal palace was present.

src: d.ibtimes.co.uk

60th anniversary celebration

Also called Diamond Jubilee, the 60th anniversary celebration of the king's accession to the throne is a series of events that marked the Bhumibol government in June 2006. Events include a royal ship procession on the Chao Phraya River, fireworks displays, art exhibitions and forgiveness of 25,000 prisoners, concerts, and dance performances.

Tied with anniversary, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan presented Bhumibol with the first Human Development Award for Human Development Program on May 26, 2006. The national holiday was observed on June 9 and 12-13 of June 2006. On June 9, the king and queen appeared in balcony Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall before hundreds of thousands of people. The official procession of the kingdom on June 12 was attended by kings and queens and royal visitors from 26 other countries. On June 13, a state banquet for royal visitors was held at the newly built Rama IX Throne Hall at the Grand Palace, the first official function of the hall. Royal Royal Flower Royal Chiang Mai Exhibition is also held to honor the anniversary.

On January 16, 2007, CDRM officially announced the end of the 60th anniversary celebration and commenced the celebration of the anniversary of the anniversary of the anniversary of the Bhumibol.

src: www.telegraph.co.uk

Personal life

Bhumibol is a painter, musician, photographer, writer and translator. His book Phra Mahachanok is based on the traditional Jataka story of the Buddhist scriptures. The story of Thong Daeng is the story of his dog Thong Daeng.

In his youth, Bhumibol was very interested in firearms. He keeps a carbine, Sten pistol and two automatic pistols in his bedroom, and he and his older brother, King Ananda Mahidol, often use the palace garden for target practice.

There are two books in English that provide extensive detail - though not always verifiable - about the life of Bhumibol, especially the early years and then throughout his reign. One of them is The Revolutionary King (2001) by William Stevenson, the other is The King Never Smiles (2006) by Paul M. Handley. The third and previous work, The Devil's Discus (1964), is also available in Thai and English. The latter two books are banned in Thailand, while the first is never sold in this country because of its "inappropriateness", even written with royal patronage.

Bhumibol's creativity, among other things, music, art and discovery, is the focus of a two-minute documentary made by the Abhibisit Vejjajiva government that is played in all branches of Major Cineplex Group and SF Cinema City, the two largest cinema chains in Thailand.

Music

Bhumibol is a composer of jazz saxophone, playing Dixieland and New Orleans music, as well as clarinets, trumpets, guitars, and pianos. It is widely believed that his father, Mahidol Adulyadej, may have inspired his passion for pursuing art at an early age. Bhumibol initially focused on classical music exclusively for two years but eventually switched to jazz because it enabled him to improvise more freely. It was during this time that he decided to specialize in wind instruments, especially saxophones and clarinets. By the time Bhumibol was 18 years old, he started writing his own music with the first Candlelight Blues. He continued to write even during his reign after his coronation in 1946. Bhumibol performed with the Jazz Hall Preservation Band, Benny Goodman, Stan Getz, Lionel Hampton, and Benny Carter. Throughout his life, Bhumibol wrote a total of 49 compositions. Most of them are jazz swing, but he also composed Thai parade, waltz, and patriotic songs. His most popular compositions are the Candlelight Blues Love in Sundown , and Falling Rain which were all compiled in 1946. Bhumibol's musical influences include Louis Armstrong, Sidney Bechet, Benny Carter, and Johnny Hodges.

Bhumibol initially received general musical training privately while he was studying in Switzerland, but his older brother, then King Ananda Mahidol, who had purchased a saxophone, sent Bhumibol to his place. King Ananda then joined him in the clarinet. After returning permanently to Thailand in 1950, Bhumibol started a jazz band, Lay Kram, which he did together at a radio station he started in his palace. The band grew up, renamed Au Sau Wan Suk Band and she will perform with them live on Friday night, occasionally taking phone requests. Bhumibol also performed with his band at Thai universities, composing national anthems for Chulalongkorn, Thammasat, and Kasetsart universities. Bhumibol performed with Benny Goodman at the Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall, in 1956, and then played at Goodman's home in New York in 1960. Many bands such as Les Brown and his Band of Renown, Claude Bolling Big Band and Preservation Hall Jazz Band recorded some of Bhumibol's compositions and can still be heard in Thailand. The 1996 documentation, Gitarajan , was made about Bhumibol music.

Bhumibol still plays music with his Au Sau Wan Suk band in recent years, but is rarely heard in public. In 1964, Bhumibol became the 23rd person to receive Honorary Membership Honors Certificate on behalf of Vienna University of Music and Performing Arts. In 2000, he was awarded the Sanford Medal for his contribution in music from Yale School of Music. He was the first Asian in both cases to be respected. In 2003, the University of North Texas College of Music awarded him honorary doctorates in music. The influence of Bhumibol is widely regarded as one of the reasons why Thailand, and Bangkok in particular, for decades have strong jazz music and improvised "scenes" relative to other Asian countries.

Sailing

Bhumibol is a sailor and designer of a sailboat. He won a gold medal for sailing in the Asian Four Asian Peninsular (SEAP) Games in 1967, along with Princess Ubol Ratana for which he is bound for points. This achievement is more remarkable given the lack of binocular depth perception. On April 19, 1966, Bhumibol also sailed to the Gulf of Thailand from Hua Hin to Toey Ngam Harbor in Sattahip, covering 60 nautical miles (110 km) in a 17-hour journey on "Vega 1", the OK class boat it built.

Like his father, a former naval military engineer, Bhumibol is an industrious designer and builder of ships. He produced several small sailboat designs in Enterprise class, OK, and International Moth. Its designs in the Moth class include "Mod", "Super Mod", and "Micro Mod".

Amateur radio

Bhumibol is a radio amateur with a call to HS1A. He is also the patron of the Radio Amateur Society of Thailand (RAST).

Patent

Bhumibol is the only Thai king who holds patents. He obtained one in 1993 for a wastewater aerator named "Chai Pattana", and several patents in rainmaking after 1955: patent "sandwich" rain in 1999 and "supersandwich" patent in 2003.

src: static.dnaindia.com

Wealth

Estimates of post-devaluation wealth (c 1997-1998) of royal households and Crown Property Bureau (CPB) range from US $ 10-20 billion. In August 2008, Forbes published the 2008 version of The World's Richest Royals and King Bhumibol listed first, with an estimated $ 35 billion worth of wealth. A few days later, the Thai Foreign Ministry issued a statement that the Forbes report misjudged the wealth of CPB and Bhumibol. In the 2009 Forbes list, Thai government objections are acknowledged, but Forbes justifies the incessant inclusion of CPB assets, since the bureau is responsible for handling Crown property and investment.. The 2009 estimate is a reduced figure of US $ 30 billion due to a decrease in real estate and stocks, and this figure was also published in April 2014 by Business Viewer , which also confirmed that CPB is the body responsible for wealth management Crown Prince.

The wealth and wealth of Bhumibol and the royal family are run by Privy Purse. CPB manages Crown assets as an institution. It was established by law, but directed without the involvement of the Thai government and only reported to the king. The CPB receives many state privileges. Although the finance minister leads the board of directors of the CPB, the final decision is made entirely by Bhumibol. During his lifetime, Bhumibol was the only person who could see the CPB annual report, which was not released to the public.

Through CPB, Crown has equity in many companies and large amounts of land, including 3,320 hectares in central Bangkok, as well as 13,200 hectares of rural land. CPB owns 32 percent of Siam Cement (US $ 12.6 billion), 23 percent of Siam Commercial Bank (the largest bank in Thailand), and interest in Christiani & Nielsen, Deves Insurance, and Shin Corporation.

The CPB also allows or leases about 36,000 properties to third parties, including Anantara Siam Bangkok Hotel website, Suan Lum Night Bazaar, Siam Paragon and Central World Tower. CPB spearheaded a plan to transform Bangkok's historic Ratchadamnoen Avenue into a shopping street known as "Champs-ÃÆ'â € ¢ lysà © Ã… © es Asia" and in 2007, shocked the old populations of traditional market districts by serving them with eviction notice. Major Crown earnings from CPB, estimated at at least five billion baht in 2004, are exempt from taxes.

King Bhumibol is the owner of the Golden Jubilee Diamond, the largest diamond in the world, estimated at between US $ 4-12 million in April 2014.

src: d.ibtimes.co.uk

Criticism

Although Bhumibol is highly respected by many Thais, it is also protected by laws that allow critics jailed for three to fifteen years. After the Thammasat University Massacre in 1976, the law was tightened during Premier and anti-communist dictatorship of Thanin Kraivichien. Criticism of any member of the royal family, royal building projects, royal institutions, Chakri Dynasty or former Thai kings was also banned.

During the 2005 anniversary speech, Bhumibol invited criticism: "In truth, I must also be criticized, I'm not afraid if the criticisms of what I do wrong, because I know, because if you say the king can not be criticized, it means that the king is not human, "he said. "If the king makes no mistake, it is the same as despising him because the king is not treated as a man, but the king can do wrong." A barrage of widespread criticism yielded, followed by a sharp increase in prosecutorial lÃÆ'¨se-majestÃÆ' Â © The LÃÆ'¨se-majestÃÆ'Â Â © case increased from five or six pre-2005 years to 478 in 2010.

src: cdn10.bostonmagazine.com

Biography

American journalist Paul Handley, who spent thirteen years in Thailand, wrote the biography of The King Never Smiles. The Ministry of Information and Communication banned the book and blocked the book's page on the Yale Press University website in January 2006. In a statement dated January 19, 2006, National Police Chief Gen. Kowit Wattana said the book had "content that could affect national security and the good morality of the people ". This book provides a detailed discussion of Bhumibol's role in Thai political history, and also analyzes the factors behind Bhumibol's popularity.

William Stevenson, who had access to the palace and royal family, wrote a biography of the Revolutionary King in 2001. An article in Time says the idea for the book was suggested by Bhumibol. Critics note that this book presents an in-depth knowledge of Bhumibol's personal aspects. However, the book was illegally banned in Thailand and the Royal Household Bureau warned Thai media about even referring it to the print media. The official ban is not possible because it is written with the blessing of Bhumibol. The book was criticized for factual inaccuracies, disrespecting Bhumibol (it referred to him by his personal nickname "Lek"), and proposed a controversial theory that explains King Ananda's mysterious death. Stevenson said: "The king said from the beginning that the book will be dangerous for him and for me."

Succession of the Throne

the only son of Bhumibol, Prince Vajiralongkorn, was given the title "Somdej Phra Boroma Orasadhiraj Chao Fah Maha Vajiralongkorn Sayam Makutrajakuman" (Crown Prince of Siam) on December 28, 1972 and made the heir (???????????) to the throne in accordance with the Act of the Succession Palace of 1924.

On December 5, 1977, Princess Sirindhorn was given the title "Siam Boromrajakumari" (Princess Royal of Siam). The title is often translated by the English-language press as "Crown Princess", although the official English title is simply "Princess".

Although the Constitution was later amended to allow the Royal Advisory Council to appoint a princess as the successor to the throne, this would only occur if there were no heir to the throne. This amendment is preserved in Section 23 of the "People's Constitution" of 1997. This effectively allows Princess Sirindhorn potentially to be second to the throne, but does not affect Prince Vajiralongkorn's status as the heir to the throne.

Thailand's recent constitution has made an amendment to the Palace of Succession Law the only prerogative of the ruling king. According to Assoc. Prof. Gothom Arya, a former electoral commissioner, this allows the ruling king, if he chooses him, to appoint his son or daughter to the throne.

Title and style

• December 5, 1927 - September 1929 : The Honorable Prince Bhumibol Adulyadej
• September 1929 - July 10, 1935 : His Royal Highness Prince Bhumibol Adulyadej
• July 10, 1935 - June 9, 1946 : Your Highness Prince Bhumibol Adulyadej, Prince Brother
• June 9, 1946 - October 13, 2016 : His Royal Highness, Rama IX from Thailand

The full title of Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej is " Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poraminthra Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej Mahitalathibet Ramathibodi Chakkrinaruebodin Sayamminthrathirat Borommanatbophit " (Thai: ?????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ; Ã, listen Ã, ), referred to in the main legal document; and in general documents, the title is abbreviated to "Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poraminthra Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej Sayamminthrathirat Borommanatbophit" or simply "Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poraminthra Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej".

The literal translation of the title is as follows:

• Phra Bat (Thai: ?????? ) - "Divine Leg", an honor given to the god or king
• Somdet (Thai: ?????? ) - "Supremacy", an honor given to a god or king
• Phra (Thai: ??? ) - "Divine", an honor given to a god or king
• Poraminthra (Thai: ??????? ) - "Highest Indra", an honor given to the odd-numbered king, while even-numbered kings will use the honor of Poramenthra (Thai: ??????? )
• Maha (Thai: ??? ) - "Great"
• Bhumibol (Thai: ?????? ) - "The Strength of the Land"
• Adulyadej (Thai: ???????? ) - "Unparalleled Strength"
• Mahitalathibet (Thai: ??????????? ) - "Overlord of the Land"
• Ramathibodi (Thai: ????????? ) - "Overlord Rama", a title traditionally occupied by king of Siam
• Chakkrinaruebodin (Thai: ?????????????????? "Overlord of Mankind from Chakri"
• Sayamminthrathirat (Thai: ??????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????/li>
• Borommanatbophit (Thai: ?????????? ) - "The Holy Place"

Publish

Ancestor

Work

• HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej from Thailand. Tongdaeng Story . Amarin Book, Bangkok. 2004. ISBN 974-272-917-4
• HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej from Thailand. Mahajanaka Story: Cartoon Edition . Amarin Book, Bangkok. 1999. ISBN 974-272-074-6
• HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej from Thailand. Mahajanaka Story . Amarin Book, Bangkok. 1997. ISBNÃ, 974-8364-71-2
• HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej from Thailand, Chaturong Pramkaew (Ed.). My Country Thailand... land of Eternal Smile . Amarin Book, Bangkok. 1995. ISBNÃ, 974-8363-53-8
• HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej from Thailand. Photos of His Royal Majesty in Country Development . Photography Society of Thailand & amp; Thai E, Bangkok. 1992. ISBNÃ, 974-88805-0-8
• HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej from Thailand. Paintings by His Majesty King: A special exhibition for Rattanakosin's Birthday Celebration at the National Gallery, Chao Fa Road, Bangkok, April 1 - June 30, 1982 . National Gallery, Bangkok. 1982. ASINÃ, B0007CCDMO

See also

Names

References

Further reading

Biography

• Richard Broderick (2013). King by Virtue: Reflections from Lifelong Endeavor of King Bhumipol of Thailand (2nd ed.). Bangkok: Thai Khadi Research Institute. ISBN: 978-974-466-717-5.
• Nicholas Grossman; Dominic Faulder, eds. (2011). King Bhumibol Adulyadej - A Life's Work: Thai Monarchy in Perspective . Singapore: Didier Millet Edition. ISBN: 978-981-4260-56-5. Ã,
  • (Review by Michael J. Montesano, South East Asia Contemporary , Vol. 34/1 (Apr 2012), pp.Ã, 128-132)
• Paul M. Handley (2006). The King Never Smiles: A Biography of Bhumibol Adulyadej Thailand . New Haven, Conn.: Yale U

  Source of the article : Wikipedia