Marilyn Monroe was found dead of a barbiturate overdose at Monday morning, August 6, 1962, at 12305 Fifth Helena Drive home in Los Angeles, California. She is a major sex symbol and one of Hollywood's most popular stars during the 1950s and early 1960s. She was a top actress for a decade, and her films earned $ 200 million at the time of her death in 1962.
Monroe has suffered mental illness and substance abuse for several years before his death, and he has not completed a film since The Misfits, released in 1961. He spent 1961 busy with his various health. problem, and in April 1962 had started filming Something Should Be Given for 20th Century Fox, but the studio fired him in early June. The studio publicly blamed her on production issues, and in the weeks before her death, Monroe sought to improve her public image by giving interviews to high profile publications. He also started negotiations with Fox to be re-recruited for Something to Be Given and to star in other production roles.
Monroe spent the last day of her life, Sunday, August 5, at her home in Brentwood. He was accompanied several times by publicist Patricia Newcomb, housekeeper Eunice Murray, photographer Lawrence Schiller and psychiatrist Dr. Ralph Greenson. At Greenson's request, Murray stayed overnight to keep the company of Monroe. At about 3am on Monday, August 6th, she noticed that Monroe locked herself in her bedroom and was unresponsive. Murray warns Greenson, who arrives soon afterwards and enters the room, finding Monroe dead. His death officially decides the possibility of suicide by the Los Angeles County coroner's office, based on an overdose precedent and prone to mood swings and suicidal ideation. No evidence of fraud was found, and an accidental overdose was ruled out because a large number of barbiturates were digested. His funeral was held on August 8 at Westwood Village Cemetery Cemetery, where he was interred in the Kenangan Corridor.
Despite the coroner's findings, several conspiracy theories that show unintentional killings or overdoses have been proposed since the mid-1960s. Many of them involve President John F. Kennedy and his brother, Robert, and union leader Jimmy Hoffa and mob boss Sam Giancana. Due to the prevalence of these theories in the media, the Los Angeles County District Prosecutor's Office reviewed the case in 1982, but found no evidence to support them and disagreed with the findings of the original investigation.
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For several years into the early 1960s, Monroe has been dependent on amphetamines, barbiturates and alcohol, and she has many mental health problems including depression, anxiety, low self esteem, and chronic insomnia. He has earned a reputation for being difficult to work with, and he often delays production for being late in making movies and having trouble remembering the lines. In 1960, this behavior greatly affected his career. For example, even though he is a favorite choice of author Truman Capote to play Holly Golightly in the film Adaptation at Breakfast at Tiffany's, Paramount Pictures refuses to throw it out for fear that he will complicate film production. The two Monroe movies finished in the 1960s, Let's Make Love (1960) and The Misfits (1961), a critical and commercial failure. During the filming of the latter, he had to spend a week to detoxify in the hospital. Her third marriage, to author Arthur Miller, also ended in a divorce in January 1961.
Instead of working, Monroe spent most of 1961 busy with health issues and did not work on new film projects. He underwent surgery for endometriosis and cholecystectomy, and spent four weeks in hospital care - including brief assignments in mental wards - for depression. Then in 1961, he moved back to Los Angeles after six years in Manhattan; he bought a Spanish hacienda-style house at 12305 Fifth Helena Drive in Brentwood. In the spring of 1962, he received the "Golden Globe Favorite Movie World" award and began filming a new movie for 20th Century Fox, Something to Be Given , a remake of
A few days before the filming began, Monroe was stricken with sinusitis; Fox was advised to postpone production, but the suggestion was unnoticed and the filming began on schedule at the end of April. Monroe was too ill to work for most of the next six weeks, but despite confirmation from several doctors, the studio tried to suppress him by publicly declaring that he was faking it. On May 19, she took a break from filming to sing "Happy Birthday" on stage at President John F. Kennedy's birthday celebration at Madison Square Garden in New York ten days before her birthday. Monroe and Kennedy have the same friends and although sometimes they have regular sexual intercourse, there is no evidence that their relationship is serious. After Monroe returned to LA from New York City, he continued filming and celebrated his 36th birthday on set on June 1st. He was again absent for several days, which caused 20th Century Fox to dismiss him on June 7 and demanded him for breach of contract, demanding $ 750,000 in damages. He was replaced by Lee Remick, but after fellow star Dean Martin refused to make a movie with anyone other than Monroe, Fox sued him as well and shut down production.
The studio publicly blames Monroe's drug addiction and alleged lack of professionalism for film death, even claiming he was mentally disturbed. To counter negative publicity, Monroe gave interviews to several high-profile publications, such as Life , Cosmopolitan and Vogue , in the final weeks. After successfully negotiating his contract with Fox, filming with Monroe is scheduled to resume in September at Something to be Given , and Monroe makes plans to star in What A Way to Go! (1964) as well as the biopic of Jean Harlow.
Maps Death of Marilyn Monroe
Timeline
Monroe spent the last day of her life, Saturday, August 4, at her Brentwood house. In the morning, he meets with photographer Lawrence Schiller to discuss the possibility of Playboy publishing nude photographs taken from him at the location Something Should Be Given . She also received a massage from her personal massage therapist, talked to a friend on the phone, and signed the shipment. Attending home in the mornings is also her housekeeper, Eunice Murray, and her publicist Patricia Newcomb, who stayed overnight. According to Newcomb, they argued that Monroe had not slept well the night before.
At 4:30 am PDT on Saturday, August 5, Dr. Monroe psychiatrist. Ralph Greenson arrives home for a therapy session and asks Newcomb to leave. Before he left about 7 pm, he asked Murray to stay and accompany Monroe. At about 7-7:15, Monroe received a call from Joe DiMaggio, Jr., with whom he remained close since his marriage to his father. She tells him that she broke up with a girlfriend that she did not like and nothing suspicious in her behavior. He called Greenson to tell him the news (about DiMaggio's farewell from his girlfriend) around 7:40 - 7:45.
Monroe retired to her room around 8 pm. He received a call from actor Peter Lawford, who wished to persuade him to attend his party that evening. Lawford became alert because Monroe sounded like he was under the influence of drugs. He told her to "Say good-bye to Pat, say goodbye to the president (Lawford's brother-in-law), and say good-bye to yourself, because you're a good man", before drifting. Unable to reach Monroe, Lawford summoned his agent, Milton Ebbins, who failed to reach Dr. Greenson, and then telephoned Monroe's lawyer, Milton A. "Mickey" Rudin. Rudin telephoned Monroe's house, and was convinced by his housekeeper that he was fine.
At about 3:00 pm on Sunday, August 6, Murray wakes up "feeling something is wrong" and sees the light from under Monroe's room door, but he can not get an answer and finds the door locked. He called Greenson, on the advice of who he was looking through the window and saw Monroe lying face down on his bed, covered with a sheet and holding the receiver. Greenson arrived shortly after. He enters the room by breaking the window and finding Monroe dead. He called his doctor, Dr. Hyman Engelberg, who arrived home around 3:50 am and officially confirmed the death. At 4:25 am, they told the Los Angeles Police Department.
Investigation Reviews and 1982
The coroner's deputy Thomas Noguchi conducted a Monroe autopsy on the same day that he was found dead, Sunday, August 6. The Los Angeles County coroner's office was assisted in the examination by a psychiatrist. Norman Farberow, Dr. Robert Litman, and Dr. Norman Tabachnik of the Los Angeles Prevention Center, who interviewed Monroe's physician and psychiatrist about his mental state. Based on the sophisticated state of rigor mortis when his body is found, it is estimated that he has died between 8:30 and 10:30 pm. on August 5th. Toxicological analysis concluded that the cause of death was acute barbituric poisoning; he has 8 mg% of chloral hydrate and 4.5% mg pentobarbital (Nembutal) in his blood and a further 13% mg of pentobarbital in his liver. Police found the empty bottle of these drugs at his bedside. There are no signs of external injuries or bruises on the body.
The examination findings were published on August 17; Chief Coroner Theodore Curphey classified Monroe's death as a "possibility of suicide". The possibility of accidental overdosage is ruled out because the dose found on his body several times exceeds the deadly limit and has been taken "in one gulp or in a few sips for a minute or more." At the time of his death, Monroe was reported to be in an "atmosphere of depression", and "unkempt" and not interested in maintaining his appearance. No suicide notes were found, but Dr. Litman states that this is unusual, since statistics show that less than 40 percent of suicide victims leave records. In their final report, Farberow, Litman, and Tabachnik stated:
Miss Monroe has been suffering from psychiatric disorders for a long time. He experiences strong fears and often experiences depression. Sudden and unexpected mood swings. Among the symptoms of disorganization, sleep disorders are very prominent, where he has been taking sedatives for years. He is so familiar with and experienced in the use of sedatives and is very aware of the dangers. [...] In our investigation, we have learned that Miss Monroe has often expressed a desire to surrender, withdraw, and even die. On more than one occasion in the past, he has committed suicide, using tranquilizers. On this occasion he asked for help and was saved. It is our opinion that the same pattern is repeated on the night of August 4 except for rescue. It has been our practice with similar information collected in other cases in the past to recommend certification for death as a possible suicide. Additional suicide support provided by physical evidence is a high level of barbiturates and high blood chlorine hydrates, with other evidence of autopsy, indicating the possibility of consuming large quantities of drugs in a short time: the completely empty bottles of Nembutal, a recipe that (25) capsule) filled the day before swallowing, and the door is locked into the bedroom, which is unusual.
In the 1970s, claims surfaced that Monroe's death was murder rather than suicide. Because of this claim, Los Angeles County Attorney John Van de Kamp commissioned his colleague Ronald H. "Mike" Carroll to conduct a "threshold investigation" in 1982 to see whether a criminal investigation should be opened. Carroll worked with Alan B. Tomich, an investigator for the county prosecutor's office, for more than three months on an inquiry resulting in a thirty-page report. They found no credible evidence to support the theory that Monroe was murdered.
In 1983, coroner Thomas Noguchi published his memoir, where he discussed the Monroe case and allegations of incompatibility in autopsy and the coronary decision about suicide. This included claims that Monroe could not swallow the pill because his stomach was empty; that the Nembutal capsule should leave a yellow residue; that he may have been given an enema; and that the autopsy recorded no needle marks despite the fact that he routinely received injections from his doctor.
Noguchi explained that bleeding in the stomach lining indicates that the drug has been administered orally, and that since Monroe has been an addict for several years, the pills will be absorbed more quickly than in non-addict cases. He also denied that Nembutal left a dye residue. He notes that only a very visible needle is visible on the body, and that the only bruise he recorded on Monroe's body, on his lower back, is shallow and his placement indicates that it was unintentional, and unrelated to the dirty game. He concludes that based on his observations, the most likely conclusion is that Monroe committed suicide.
Public reactions and funerals
Monroe's unexpected death is front-page news in the United States and Europe. According to biographer Lois Banner, "it is said that the suicide rate in Los Angeles is doubled a month after he died, the circulation level of most newspapers extends that month," and the Chicago Tribune reported that they had received hundreds a phone call from a community member requesting information about his death. French artist Jean Cocteau commented that his death "should be a very bad lesson for everyone, whose main occupation consists of spying and torturing movie stars," former fellow star Laurence Olivier considers it a "complete victim of ballyhoo and sensation", and Bus Stop director Joshua Logan stated that he was "one of the most unappreciated people in the world".
The Monroe Cemetery was held on August 8 at the Memorial Cemetery of Westwood Village Memorial, where her adoptive parents Ana Lower and Grace McKee Goddard were also buried. This service is governed by her ex-husband Joe DiMaggio and her business manager, Inez Melson, who decides to invite only about thirty closest family members and friends, excluding most of Hollywood. Police present to expel the press and control the hundreds of spectators who packed the streets around the cemetery. The funeral service, led by a local minister, was conducted in the cemetery chapel. Monroe is laid out in a green Emilio Pucci dress and holds a small pink bouquet of roses; the make-up artist and his old friend, Whitey Snyder, have done make-up. The speech was delivered by Lee Strasberg, and the selection of Tchaikovsky's Sixth Symphony and the recording of Judy Garland singing the song "Over the Rainbow" was played. Monroe is buried in the basement of No. 24 in Corridor of Memories. DiMaggio arranged for a red rose to be placed in a vase attached to the basement three times a week for the next 20 years.
Real administration
In his will, Monroe left several thousand dollars to his half-brother Berniece Baker Miracle and his secretary May Reis, part of his daughter's education, Norman Rosten, and set up a $ 100,000 trust fund to cover her maintenance costs. mother and widow of her acting teacher Michael Chekhov. Of the remaining possessions, he gave 25 percent to his former psychiatrist Marianne Kris "for the progress of the work of the institution or group of psychiatry as he would choose," and 75 percent, including his personal effects, film royalties and real estate, to Lee Strasberg, whom he ordered to distribute its effect "among my friends, co-workers and those I offer". Due to legal complications, the beneficiaries were not paid until 1971.
When Strasberg died in 1982, his land was required to widow Anna, who claimed Monroe's publicity rights and began licensing his image to the company. In 1990, he failed to sue Anna Freud's Center, which Dr. Kris has inherited his Monroe right, in an effort to gain full rights over Monroe's estate. In 1996, Anna Strasberg hired CMG Worldwide, a celebrity-licensing group, to manage license rights, and in the same year prevented Odyssey Group, Inc. auctioned off the effects Monroe's business manager, Inez Melson had when he died. Between 1996 and 2001 CMG held 700 licensing agreements with merchandisers. Against Monroe's wishes, Lee Strasberg never shared his effects among his friends, and in 1999 Anna Strasberg commissioned Christie to auction them off, scoring $ 13.4 million. In 2000, he founded Marilyn Monroe LLC.
Claim Marilyn Monroe LLC for exclusive ownership of Monroe's publicity rights became the subject of "landmark [law] case" in 2006, when the heirs of three freelance photographers who have photographed her - Sam Shaw, Milton Greene, and Tom Kelley - successfully challenged the company in court at California and New York. In May 2007, the court ruled that Monroe was unable to pass on his publicity rights to his property, because the first law granting that right, the California Celebrity Rights Act, was not ratified until 1985.
Real ended their business relationship with CMG Worldwide in 2010, and sold the license rights to Authentic Brands Group the following year. Also in 2010, the estate sold Brentwood Monroe's house for $ 3.8 million, and published a selection of his personal notes, diaries and correspondence as a book entitled Fragments: Poems, Intimate Notes, Letters .
Conspiracy theory
1960s: Frank A. Capell, Jack Clemmons
During the 1960s, there was no broad conspiracy theory about Monroe's death. The first allegation that he had been murdered came from the self-published pamphlet of the self-publisher Frank A. Capell of The Strange Death of Marilyn Monroe (1964), where he claimed that his death was part of a communist conspiracy. He claimed that Monroe and US Attorney Robert F. Kennedy had an affair, which he considered too serious and threatened to cause a scandal; Therefore Kennedy ordered him to be killed to protect his career. In addition to accusing Kennedy as a communist sympathizer, Capell also claims that many others close to Monroe, like his doctor and ex-husband, Arthur Miller, are communists.
Capell's credibility has been seriously questioned because his only source is Walter Winchell's columnist, who in turn has received much information from him; Capell, therefore, quotes himself. His friend, LAPD Sergeant Jack Clemmons, helped him develop his pamphlet; Clemmons became a major source for conspiracy theorists. He was the first police officer at the scene of Monroe's death and subsequently made a claim that he was not named in an official investigation in 1962: when he arrived at Monroe's house, his housekeeper washed the sheets, and he had a "sixth sense" that something had gone wrong.
Capell and Clemmons make allegations that are deemed related to their political goals. Capell dedicates his life to expressing the "International Communist Conspiracy" and Clemmons is a member of The Police and Fire Research Organization (FiPo), which seeks to expose "subversive activities that threaten our way of life in America". FiPo and similar organizations are known for their stand against Kennedy and sending Federal Bureau of Investigation letters against them; the FBI 1964 file that speculated about the affair between Monroe and Robert F. Kennedy probably came from them. Subsequently, Capell, Clemmons, and third persons were indicted in 1965 by California's grand jury for "conspiracy against defamation by obtaining and distributing false statements" claiming that senator Thomas Kuchel had been arrested for homosexual acts. They have done this because Kuchel has supported the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Capell pleaded guilty, and charges against Clemmons were dropped after he withdrew from the LAPD.
In the 1960s, Monroe's death was also discussed in Charles Hamblett's novel Who Killed Marilyn Monroe? (1966) and in James A. Hudson's The Mysterious Death of Marilyn Monroe (1968). Capell, Hamblett, or Hudson accounts are not widely disseminated.
1970s: _Norman_Mailer.2C_Robert_Slatzer.2C_Anthony_Scaduto "> 1970s: Norman Mailer, Robert Slatzer, Anthony Scaduto
The first murder accusations became part of a major discussion with the publication of Norman Mailer Marilyn: A Biography in 1973. Despite having no evidence to prove it, Mailer repeated the claim that Monroe and Robert F. Kennedy had an affair and speculated that he was murdered by the FBI or the CIA, who wanted to use the killing as a "pressure point... against the Kennedys." The book was heavily criticized in the reviews, and then that year Mailer recalled his allegations in an interview with Mike Wallace for 60 Minutes , stating that he has made them ensure commercial success for his book, and that he believes Monroe's death is "ten against one" an "unintentional suicide".
Two years later, Robert F. Slatzer published The Life and Curious Death of Marilyn Monroe (1975), based on Capell's pamphlet. In addition to his assertion that Monroe was murdered by Robert F. Kennedy, Slatzer also controversially claimed to have married Monroe in Mexico for three days in October 1952, and that they remained close friends until his death. Although his account was not widely circulated at the time, it remained the center of conspiracy theories.
In October 1975, rock journalist Anthony Scaduto published an article about Monroe's death in the soft porn magazine Oui , and the following year expanded his account into book form as Who Kills Marilyn Monroe? (1976), published under the pen name Tony Sciacca. His only source is Slatzer and his personal detective, Milo Speriglio. In addition to repeating Slatzer's claims, Scaduto alleged that Monroe kept a red diary in which he had written the secret political information he had heard from Kennedy, and that his home had been tapped by expert supervisor Bernard Spindel on the orders of union leader Jimmy Hoffa, he could use against the Kennedys.
1980s: Milo Speriglio, Anthony Summers
In 1982, private detective Slatzer Milo Speriglio published Marilyn Monroe: Murder Cover , in which he claimed that Monroe had been murdered by Jimmy Hoffa and Sam Giancana's mob boss. Basing his account on Slatzer and Scaduto's books, Speriglio added a statement made by Lionel Grandison, who worked at the Los Angeles County coroner's office at the time of Monroe's death. Grandison claims that Monroe's body has been bruised extensively but this has been removed from the autopsy report, and that he has seen the "red diary", but mysteriously disappears.
Speriglio and Slatzer demanded that an investigation into Monroe's death be reopened by the authorities, and the Los Angeles District Attorney agreed to review the case. The new investigation could not find any evidence to support the murder claim. Grandison was found not a reliable witness because he was fired from the coroner's office for stealing the corpse. The allegation that Monroe's house was tapped by Bernard Spindel was also found wrong. Spindel's apartment had been raided by the Manhattan District Attorney's office in 1966, where the tapes were confiscated. He then made a claim that he had tapped into Monroe's home, but that was not supported by the content of the tapes, which the researchers had been listening to.
Monroe's most famous conspiracy theory in the 1980s was the English journalist Anthony Summers, whose book Dewi: The Secret of the Life of Marilyn Monroe (1985) is one of Monroe's most commercially successful biographies. Before writing about Monroe, he wrote a book about the conspiracy theory of John F. Kennedy's murder. His investigation into Monroe began as an assignment for the English tabloid Sunday Express to review the review of the Los Angeles District Prosecutors 1982.
According to Summers, Monroe is psychotic and very addicted to drugs and alcohol in the last months of his life and has a relationship with Jack and Bobby Kennedy. When Robert F. Kennedy ended his affair, he threatened to reveal their relationship, which Kennedy and Peter Lawford tried to prevent by allowing his addiction. Monroe was hysterical when he accidentally overdosed and died in an ambulance on his way to the hospital. Kennedy wanted to leave Los Angeles before Monroe's death became public, and his body was returned to his home and the overdose was staged as a suicide by Lawford, Kennedy and J. Edgar Hoover.
Summers based his account on an interview he conducted with 650 people linked to Monroe, but his research has been criticized by biographers Donald Spoto and Sarah Churchwell. According to Spoto, Summers contradicts himself, presenting false information as fact, and misinterpreting what some of Monroe's friends have said about him. Churchwell states that while Summers collected a large collection of anecdotal material, most of the allegations were speculation; many people interviewed can give only a second or third account, and they "connect what they believe, not what they know." Summers was also the first major biographer to find a credible Slatzer witness, and relies heavily on testimony by other controversial witnesses, including Jack Clemmons and Jeanne Carmen, a woman who claims to have been a close friend of Monroe has been disputed by Spoto and Lois Banner.
Summers's theory is discussed in the BBC documentary Marilyn: Say Goodbye to the President (1985), and in the 26-minute segment produced for ABC <20/20 . The 20/20 Segment was never aired, as the news channel executive Roone Arledge decided that the claims made there needed more evidence to support them. In retaliation, Summers alleges that Arledge's decision was influenced by pressure from Kennedy.
1990: Brown and Barham, Donald H. Wolfe, Donald Spoto
In the 1990s, two new books alleged again that Monroe was murdered: Peter Brown and Patte Barham Marilyn: The Last Take (1992) and Donald H. Wolfe The Last Days of Marilyn Monroe (1998). Not much new evidence is presented but relies heavily on Capell and Summers as well as on disputed witnesses such as Grandison, Slatzer, Clemmons, and Carmen; Wolfe also did not provide any source for many of his claims, and ignored many autopsy findings without explanation.
In Monroe's 1993 biography Donald Spoto has denied previous conspiracy theories but alleged that Monroe's death was an overdose accident that was staged as a suicide. According to him, his doctors, Greenson and Engelberg had tried to stop harassment of Nembutal, and to monitor his drug use had agreed to never prescribe anything to him without prior consultation with each other. Monroe was able to persuade Engelberg to break his promise by lying to him that Greenson had agreed. He picked up some Nembutals on August 4, but did not tell Greenson, who gave him a recipe of chloral hydrate enema; the combination of these two drugs kills him. Afraid of the consequences, Monroe's doctors and housekeepers then stage death as suicide.
Spoto argues that Monroe is unlikely to commit suicide because he has reached a new agreement with 20th Century Fox and because he is suspected of remarrying Joe DiMaggio. He based his theory of his death on the alleged inconsistency in a police statement given by the housekeeper and doctor Monroe, a claim made by Arthur J Jacobs's wife that he had been informed of death already at 10:30, as well as on a claim made by prosecutor John Miner , involved in an official investigation. Miner alleged that the autopsy revealed signs that were more consistent with the enema than ingested orally.
2000s: John Miner, Matthew Smith
John Miner's allegation that Monroe's death did not kill himself received more publicity in the 2000s, when he published a transcript he claimed to have made from a recording tape that Monroe recorded shortly before his death. Miner claims that Monroe gave the tape to his psychiatrist, Dr. Greenson, who invited him to listen to them after his death. On the record, Monroe talks about his plans for the future, which Miner thinks is proof that he can not kill himself. She also discusses sex life and the use of enemas; Miners suspect that Monroe was killed by an enema managed by his housekeeper.
Allegations of the miners have received criticism. During an official review of the case by the district attorney in 1982, he told the researchers about the tape, but did not mention that he had the transcript. Miner claims that this is because Greenson has vowed to be silent. The recording itself was never found, and Miner remains the only person who claims they exist. Greenson was dead before Miner announced it to the public.
Biographer Lois Banner knows Miner personally because they both work at the University of Southern California; he is more challenging to the authenticity of transcripts. Miner had lost his license to practice law for several years, lied to Banner about working for the Kinsey Institute, and had gone bankrupt just before selling the alleged transcript. He first tried to sell the transcript to Vanity Fair, but when the magazine asked him to show Anthony Summers to validate them, it became clear that he did not have it. The transcript, which was eventually sold by Miner to the English writer Matthew Smith, was written several decades after he allegedly listened to the tapes. Miner claims that Monroe's housekeeper is actually a nurse and arranging enemas on a regular basis is also not supported by evidence. Furthermore, Banner writes that Miner has a personal obsession about enema and practices sadomasochism; he concludes that his theory of Monroe's death "represents his sexual interest" and is not based on evidence.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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