Near-field communication

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Near field communication ( NFC ) is a set of communication protocols that allows two electronic devices, one of which is usually a portable device such as a smartphone, to establish communications by bringing them in 4 cm (1, 6 inches) to each other.

NFC devices are used in non-contact payment systems, similar to those used in credit card and electronic ticket smart cards and enable mobile payments to replace/complete this system. This is sometimes referred to as NFC/CTLS (Contactless) or CTLS NFC. NFC is used for social networks, to share contacts, photos, videos, or files. NFC-enabled devices can act as electronic identity documents and key cards. NFC offers a low-speed connection with simple settings that can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections.

Video Near-field communication

Overview

Similar ideas in advertising and industrial applications are generally not commercially successful, surpassing technologies such as barcodes and UHF RFID tags. The NFC protocol sets up a generally supported standard. When one of the connected devices has Internet connectivity, others can exchange data with online services.

NFC-enabled portable devices can be provided with application software, for example to read electronic tags or make payments when connected to NFC compatible devices. Past close communications use technology owned by the manufacturer, for applications such as stock tickets, access control, and payment readers.

Like other "proximity card" technologies, NFC uses electromagnetic induction between two loop antennas when NFC-enabled devices - such as smartphones and printers - exchange information, operate in radio bands without permission globally available, ISM 13.56 MHz at ISO Air Interface/IEC 18000-3 with rates starting from 106 to 424 kbit/s.

Any complete NFC device can work in three modes:

NFC card emulation

Enables NFC-enabled devices like smartphones to act like smart cards, allowing users to perform transactions such as payments or tickets.

Reader/author of NFC

Enables NFC-enabled devices to read information stored on cheap NFC tags embedded in labels or smart posters.

NFC peer-to-peer

Enables two NFC enabled devices to communicate with each other to exchange information in an ad hoc manner.

The NFC tag is a readable passive data storage, and in some circumstances written to, by NFC devices. They typically contain data (in 2015 between 96 â € <â €

Standard is provided by the NFC Forum. This forum is responsible for promoting technology and setting standards and certifying device compliance. Secure communications are available by applying encryption algorithms as do for credit cards and if they match the criteria to be considered private area networks.

The NFC standard includes communication protocols and data exchange formats and is based on existing radio frequency identification (RFID) standards including ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa. Standards include ISO/IEC 18092 and are defined by the NFC Forum. In addition to the NFC Forum, the GSMA group defines a platform for deployment of NFC GSMA Standards in mobile handsets. GSMA efforts include Trusted Service Manager, Single Wire Protocol, testing/certification and secure elements.

The patent licensing program for NFC is being used by France Brevets, a patent fund created in 2011. The program is being developed by Via Licensing Corporation, an independent subsidiary of Dolby Laboratories, and concluded in May 2012. An independent and open source NFC library platform , libnfc , is available under the GNU Lesser General Public License.

Present and anticipated applications include touchless transactions, data exchange and simple setup of more complex communications such as Wi-Fi.

Maps Near-field communication

History

NFC is rooted in radio frequency identification technology (known as RFID) that allows compatible hardware to supply power to and communicate with powerless and passive electronic tags using radio waves. This is used for identification, authentication, and tracking.

• 1983 The first patent attributed to the abbreviation "RFID" was given to Charles Walton.
• 1997 The earliest patented form and was first used in Star Wars character toys for Hasbro. The patent was originally held by Andrew White and Marc Borrett at Innovision Research and Technology (Patent WO9723060). This device allows data communication between two units at close range.
• 2002 Sony and Philips agree to set tech specifications and create a technical outline on March 25, 2002.
• 2003 NFC has been approved as an ISO/IEC standard on December 8, and then as an ECMA standard.
• 2004 Nokia, Philips, and Sony founded the NFC Forum
• Initial Specification 2006 for NFC Tags
• 2006 Specifications for notes "SmartPoster"
• The NFC Innovision 2007 tag is used in the first consumer trials in the UK, on ​​the Nokia 6131 handset. â € <â € <
• 2009 In January, the NFC Forum released Peer-to-Peer standards for transferring contacts, URLs, getting started with Bluetooth, etc.
• 2010 Innovision released a series of designs and patents for cheap mobile phones, mass market phones, and other devices.
• 2010 Samsung Nexus S: First Android NFC Phone displayed
• 2010 Nice, France launches the project "Nice City without mobile phones", provides residents with NFC mobile phones and bank cards, and "bouquet of services" that includes transportation, tourism and student services
• 2011 Tapit Media was launched in Sydney, Australia as the first specialized NFC marketing company
• 2011 Google I/O "How to NFC" shows NFC to start games and share contacts, URLs, apps, or videos.
• NFC 2011 support is part of the Symbian mobile operating system with the release of Symbian Anna version.
• The Research In Motion 2011 device is the first certified by MasterCard Worldwide for their PayPass service
• 2012 UK restaurant chain EAT. and Everything Everywhere (Orange Mobile Network Operator), a partner on the first NFC-enabled smartposter campaign in the UK. Custom-built mobile apps are triggered when NFC-enabled phones come into contact with smartposter.
• 2012 Sony introduced the NFC "Smart Tags" to change the mode and profiles of Sony smartphones from close range, including with Sony Xperia P smartphone released in the same year.
• 2013 Samsung and VISA announce their partnership to develop mobile payments.
• IBM scientists 2013, in an effort to reduce fraud and security breaches, develop NFC-based mobile authentication security technology. This technology works on the same principle as dual-factor authentication security.
• 2014 AT & amp; T, Verizon, and T-Mobile released the Softcard (ISIS official mobile phone wallet). It runs on NFC-enabled Android phones and iPhone 4 and iPhone 5 when an external NFC case is installed. This technology was purchased by Google and the service expired on March 31, 2015.
• 2014 Apple introduced Apple Pay for NFC-enabled mobile payouts on iPhone 6 and 6 Plus, and Apple Watch, released on April 24, 2015.
• In November 2015, Swatch and Visa Inc. announced a partnership to enable NFC financial transactions using "Swatch Bellamy" watches. The system is currently online in Asia thanks to partnerships with China UnionPay and Bank of Communications. This partnership will bring technology to the US, Brazil and Switzerland.
• November 2015, Google Pay's Android function launches, rivals directly to Apple Pay, and starts rolling out across the US.

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Design

NFC is a set of short-range wireless technologies, usually requiring 10 cm separation or less. NFC operates at 13.56 MHz on the ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface and at ranges ranging from 106 kbit/s to 424 kbit/s. NFC always involves initiators and targets; the initiator actively produces an RF field that can generate passive targets. This allows the NFC target to take a very simple form factor such as tags, stickers, key fobs, or non-powered cards. NFC peer-to-peer communication is possible, as long as both devices are powered.

The NFC tag contains data and is usually read-only, but writable. They can be specially encoded by their manufacturer or use the NFC Forum specification. Tags can safely store personal data such as debit and credit card information, loyalty program data, PIN and network contacts, among other information. The NFC Forum defines four types of tags that provide different communication speeds and capabilities in terms of configurability, memory, security, data retention, and write endurance. The tag currently offers between 96 â € <â €

Like proximity card technology, near-field communications use electromagnetic induction between two antenna loops located within the immediate area of ​​each other, effectively forming an air core transformer. It operates in a radio frequency ISM band that is available globally and unlicensed 13.56 MHz. Most of the RF energy is concentrated in the permitted  ± 7 kHz bandwidth range, but the spectral mask for the main lobe is 1.8 MHz wide.

Theoretical working distance with a compact standard antenna: up to 20 cm (practical working distance of about 10 cm).

Supported data rates: 106, 212 or 424 kbit/s (bit rate 848 kbit/s not in accordance with ISO/IEC 18092 standards)

The two modes are:

Passive

The initiator device provides the operator field and the target device responds by modulating an existing field. In this mode, the target device can draw its operating power from the electromagnetic field provided by the initiator, thus making the target device a transponder.

On

Both initiators and target devices communicate alternately produce their own fields. Device disables RF fields when waiting for data. In this mode, both devices usually have a power supply.

NFC uses two different encodings to transfer data. If the active device is transferring data at 106 kbit/s, modified Miller coding with 100% modulation is used. In all other cases, the Manchester coding is used with a 10% modulation ratio.

Full-duplex NFC devices - they can receive and transmit data at the same time. Thus, they can check for potential collisions if the received signal frequency does not match the frequency of the transmitted signal.

Although the NFC range is limited to several centimeters, ordinary NFCs do not guarantee secure communications. In 2006, Ernst Haselsteiner and BreitfuÃÆ'Ã… Kl Clement explained the possible attack and detailed how to use the NFC's resistance to man-in-the-middle attacks to create specific keys. Because this technique is not part of the ISO standard, NFC does not offer tamper protection and may be vulnerable to data modification. Applications can use high-level cryptographic protocols (e.g. SSL) to create secure channels.

RF signal for wireless data transfer can be taken with antenna. The distance from which an attacker can eavesdrop on an RF signal depends on some parameters, but usually less than 10 meters. Also, eavesdropping is strongly influenced by communication modes. Passive devices that do not produce their own RF fields are much more difficult to spy on than active devices. An attacker can usually eavesdrop in 10 m and 1 m for active devices and passive devices, respectively.

Since NFC devices normally include the ISO/IEC 14443 protocol, relay attacks are feasible. For this attack the enemy forwarded the reader's request to the victim and delivered the answer to the reader in real time, pretending to be the victim's victim's cardholder. This is similar to a man-in-the-middle attack. One example of the libnfc code shows a relay attack using two commercial NFC share devices. This attack can be implemented using only two NFC-enabled phones.

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Standard

The NFC standard includes communication protocols and data exchange formats, and is based on existing RFID standards including ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa. Standards include ISO/IEC 18092 and are defined by the NFC Forum.

ISO/IEC

NFC standard in ECMA-340 and ISO/IEC 18092. This standard specifies the modulation scheme, encoding, transfer rate and frame format of the NFC device's RF interface, as well as the initialization scheme and conditions required for data collision control during initialization for passive and active NFC mode. They also define transport protocols, including protocol activation and data exchange methods. Air interface for NFC is standard in:

• ISO/IEC 18092/ECMA-340 - Close and Protocol Communication Interface (NFCIP-1)
• ISO/IEC 21481/ECMA-352 - Near-Line Communication Interface and Protocol-2 (NFCIP-2)

NFC incorporates various existing standards including ISO/IEC 14443 Type A and Type B, and FeliCa. NFC-enabled phones work on a basic level with existing readers. In "card emulation mode" the NFC device must transmit, at a minimum, a unique ID number to the reader. In addition, the NFC Forum defines a common data format called NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) that can store and move items from MIME typed objects to ultra-short RTD documents, such as URLs. The NFC forum adds the NDEF Exchange Protocol (SNEP) to a specification that enables sending and receiving messages between two NFC devices.

GSMA

GSM Association (GSMA) is a trade association representing nearly 800 mobile phone operators and more than 200 companies of products and services in 219 countries. Many of its members have led NFC trials and are preparing services for commercial launches.

GSM is involved with several initiatives:

• Standard: GSMA is developing certification and testing standards to ensure interoperability of global NFC services.
• Pay-Buy-Mobile Initiatives : Trying to set a general global approach to using NFC technology to link mobile devices with payment and cyber system.
• On November 17, 2010, after two years of discussion, AT & amp; T, Verizon, and T-Mobile launched a joint venture to develop a platform where the point of sale payments can be made using NFC on mobile phones. Originally known as the Isis Mobile Wallet and later as a Softcard, this effort was designed to usher in the widespread use of NFC technology, enabling their NFC-enabled mobile phone customers to work with credit cards across the United States. Following an agreement with - and IP purchases by - Google, the Softcard payment system closed in March 2015, with support for its previous rival, Google Wallet.

StoLPaN

StoLPaN (Saving Logistics and Payment with NFC) is a pan-European consortium supported by the Society's Information Technologies Society Information program. StoLPaN will check the potential of NFC local mobile wireless communications.

Forum NFC

The NFC Forum is a nonprofit industry association established on March 18, 2004 by NXP Semiconductors, Sony and Nokia to advance the use of NFC wireless interaction in electronic devices, mobile devices and PCs. Standard includes four different tag types that provide different speeds and communication capabilities that include flexibility, memory, security, data retention, and write endurance. The NFC Forum promotes the implementation and standardization of NFC technology to ensure interoperability between devices and services. As of June 2013, the NFC Forum has over 190 member companies.

The NFC Forum promotes the NFC and declares device compliance and whether it suits the private area network.

Other standardization bodies

The GSMA defines a platform for deployment of the GSMA NFC Standard in mobile handsets. The GSMA's efforts include, Single Wire Protocol, testing and certification and secure elements. The GSMA standard encompassing NFC protocol deployment (regulated by the NFC Forum) on non-exclusive or universally accepted mobile handsets. For example, the deployment of Google Host Card Emulation on Android KitKat provides software control for universal radio. In this HCE Deployment, NFC protocol is used without GSMA standards.

Other standardization bodies involved in the NFC include:

• ETSI/SCP (Smart Card Platform) to determine the interface between SIM card and NFC chipset.
• GlobalPlatform to determine the multi-application architecture of the secure element.
• EMVCo for impact on EMV payment apps

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Apps

NFC allows one-way and two-way communication between endpoints, suitable for many applications.

Trading

NFC devices can be used in non-contact payment systems, similar to those used in credit cards and electronic ticketing cards and enable mobile payments to replace/add to this system.

In Android 4.4, Google introduced platform support to secure NFC-based transactions through Host Card Emulation (HCE), for payments, loyalty programs, card access, transit permits, and other specialized services. HCE allows any Android 4.4 app to emulate NFC smart cards, allowing users to initiate transactions with their devices. Applications can use the new Reader Mode to act as readers for HCE cards and other NFC-based transactions.

On September 9, 2014, Apple announced support for NFC-supported transactions as part of Apple Pay. With the introduction of iOS 11, Apple's device allows third-party developers to read data from NFC tags.

Bootstrapping other connections

NFC offers a low-speed connection with simple settings that can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections. For example, Android Beam software uses NFC to enable pairing and make Bluetooth connections when transferring files and then disable Bluetooth on both devices when done. Nokia, Samsung, BlackBerry and Sony have used NFC technology to pair Bluetooth headsets, media players and speakers with a single tap. The same principle applies to Wi-Fi network configuration. The Samsung Galaxy device has a feature called S-Beam - an Android Beam extension that uses NFC (to share MAC Address and IP address) and then uses Wi-Fi Direct to share files and documents. The advantage of using Wi-Fi Direct via Bluetooth is that it allows faster data transfer, up to 300Mbit/s.

Social networks

NFC can be used for social networks, to share contacts, photos, videos or files and enter multiplayer games.

Identity and access tokens

NFC-enabled devices can act as electronic identity documents and key cards. Close-up support and NFC encryption make it more suitable than a less personalized RFID system.

Smartphone automation and NFC tag

NFC-equipped smartphones can be paired with NFC Tags or stickers that can be programmed by NFC applications. These programs can allow changes to phone settings, SMS, app launch, or command execution.

Such applications are independent of the company or manufacturer, but can be directly used with NFC-equipped smartphones and NFC tags.

The NFC Forum publishes the Definition of Signature Record Type (RTD) 2.0 by 2015 to add integrity and authenticity to the NFC Tags. This specification allows NFC devices to verify tag data and identify author tags.

Game

NFC is used in a video game starting with Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure. With that you buy customizable statues and contain personal data with each image, so no two numbers are exactly alike. Wii U is the first system to incorporate NFC technology out of the box through GamePad. It was then included in the Nintendo 3DS range (currently being built into New Nintendo 3DS/XL and in separate sold readers using Infrared to communicate to the system). Amiibo's various accessories use NFC technology to unlock features.

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Bluetooth comparison

NFC and Bluetooth are both close-range communication technologies available on mobile phones. NFC operates at a slower speed than Bluetooth and has a much shorter range, but consumes much less power and does not require pairing.

NFC is set faster than standard Bluetooth, but has a lower transfer rate than Bluetooth with low energy. With NFC, instead of performing a manual configuration to identify the device, the connection between the two NFC devices is automatically set to less than.1 seconds. The maximum NFC data transfer rate (424 kbit/s) is slower than Bluetooth V2.1 (2.1 Mbit/s).

Maximum working distance of NFC less than 20 cm reduces the possibility of unwanted interception, making it particularly suitable for densely populated areas that complicate the signal relationship with the physical device of its transmission (and by extension, its users).

NFC is compatible with existing passive RFID (13.56 MHz/IEC 18000-3) infrastructure. It requires relatively low power, similar to the low energy protocol Bluetooth V4.0. When NFC works with non-powered devices (eg on phones that may be turned off, smart contactless credit cards, smart posters), however, NFC power consumption is greater than Bluetooth V4.0 Low Energy, because illuminating passive tags requires extra power.

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Device

In 2011, handset vendors released more than 40 NFC-enabled handsets with Android mobile operating system. The iPhone 6 line is Apple's first phone device to support NFC. BlackBerry devices support NFCs using BlackBerry Tags on devices running BlackBerry OS 7.0 and higher.

MasterCard adds further NFC support for PayPass for Android and BlackBerry platforms, allowing PayPass users to make payments using their Android or BlackBerry smartphones. The partnership between Samsung and Visa adds a 'payWave' app on the Galaxy S4 smartphone.

Microsoft added native NFC functionality in their phone OS with Windows Phone 8, and Windows 8 operating system. Microsoft provides a "Wallet Hub" in Windows Phone 8 for NFC payments, and can integrate multiple NFC payment services into one application.

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Implementation

Until April 2011, hundreds of NFC trials have been conducted. Some companies move to full-scale service deployment, which includes one or more countries. Multi-country deployments include the launch of NFC Orange technology to banks, retailers, transportation and service providers in several European countries, and Airtel Africa and Oberthur Technologies spread to 15 countries across Africa.

• China telecom (China's 3rd largest mobile carrier) made its NFC launch in November 2013. The company listed several banks to make their payment apps available on their SIM Cards. Telecom China stated that the wallet will support coupons, membership cards, fuel cards, and boarding passes. The company plans to achieve its target to launch 40 NFC and 30 Mn NFC SIMs phone models in 2014.
• Softcard (formerly Isis Mobile Wallet), a joint venture of Verizon Wireless, AT & amp; T and T-Mobile, focusing on in-store payments using NFC technology. After piloting in several areas, they launched across the US.
• Vodafone launches NFC-based Vodafone SmartPass cellular payment service in Spain in partnership with Visa. This allows consumers with NFC enabled mobile devices to make non-touch payments via their SmartPass credit balance at any POS.
• OTI, an Israeli company that designs and develops contactless microprocessor-based smart card technology, is contracted to supply NFC-readers to one of its US channel partners. Partners are required to purchase $ 10MM OTI NFC readers for 3 years.
• Rogers Communications launches Suretap's virtual wallet to enable users to make payments with their phones in Canada in April 2014. Survey users can load pre-paid gift cards and MasterCard from national retailers.
• Sri Lanka's first employment smart card, using NFC.
• Since December 13, 2013 Tim Hortons TimmyME The BlackBerry 10 app allows users to link their prepaid Prepaid Card to the app, enabling payment by tapping the NFC-enabled device to a standard no-contact terminal.
• Google Wallet lets consumers store credit cards and store loyalty card information in virtual wallets and then use NFC-enabled devices in terminals that also accept MasterCard PayPass transactions.
• Germany, Austria, Finland, New Zealand, Italy, Iran, Turkey and Greece use the NFC ticket system for public transport. The Lithuanian capital of Vilnius completely replaces the paper ticket for public transport with an ISO Type A/IEC 14443 card on July 1, 2013.
• NFC sticker-based payments at Bankmecu and Australian card issuers, Cuscal completed an NFC payment sticker test, enabling consumers to make touch payments at PayWave Visa terminals using smart stickers attached to their phones.
• India implements NFC-based transactions at the box office for ticketing purposes.
• The Google Partnership and Equity Bank in Kenya introduced the NFC payment system for public transport in the capital city of Nairobi under the brand name "Beba Pay".

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See also

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Note

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References

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External links

• Short-lived close-field communication video

Source of the article : Wikipedia