The Krupp family (see pronunciation), a famous 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, has become famous for its steel, artillery, ammunition, and other armaments. The family business, known as Friedrich Krupp AG , was the largest company in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century. It is important for weapons development and production in both world wars. One of the most powerful dynasties in European history, for 400 years Krupp evolved as a major weapon producer for Germany. From the Thirty Years' War to the end of the Second World War, they produced everything from warships, Uboats, tanks, howitzers, weapons, utilities, and hundreds of other commodities.
The dynasty began in 1587 when a merchant named Arndt Krupp moved to Essen and joined the merchant guild. He then began buying empty real estate from a family that fled from the city because of Black Death and became one of the richest men in the city. For the next three centuries his descendants began producing small arms during the Thirty Years War and over time, gradually acquired full factories, coal mines, and blacksmiths. During the Napoleonic Wars, Friedrich Krupp founded the Gusstahlfabrik (Cast Steel Works) and began producing melt steel in 1816, transforming the company into a major industrial force. The foundation is laid for a steel empire that will dominate the world for nearly a century under his son Alfred. Krupp became a weapon producer for the Prussian Kingdom in 1859 and later the German Empire.
Krupp is also a revolutionary company that paves the way for workers' rights. Alfred pioneered a system in which if workers promised loyalty to the company, he would be offered a number of unprecedented social benefits and programs including technical and manual training sites, accidents, illnesses and life insurance, housing (sometimes free), recreation facilities, parks, schools, bath houses, and department stores. Widows and orphans are guaranteed to pay if their husbands and/or fathers are killed.
The company also produced steel used to build railroads in the United States, closing the Chrysler Building in 1929, and was the first to travel to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. During the Third Reich, Krupp supported Adolf Hitler and the use of forced labor. After the war Krupp was rebuilt from the beginning and again became one of the richest companies in Europe. But the recession in 1967 caused the company to lose a severe profit. In 1999 the Krupp company merged with Thyssen AG to form ThyssenKrupp AG, a large industrial conglomerate.
Historically Krupp's business has become controversial in relation to the war in Europe. As a major weapon supplier to many parties in various conflicts, Krupps is sometimes blamed for the war itself or the extent of the massacre.
Video Krupp
Ikhtisar
Friedrich Krupp (1787-1826) launched a family-based metal activity, building a pioneering steel foundry in Essen in 1810. His son Alfred (1812-87), known as "King of Cannon" or as "Alfred the Great", invests heavily in technology new to become a significant manufacturer of steel rollers (used for making cutlery) and rail tires. He also invested in hotbed fluidized technology (especially Bessemer process) and acquired many mines in Germany and France. Unusual for the time, it provides social services for its workers, including subsidized housing and health and pension benefits.
The company started making steel cannons in the 1840s - mainly for the Russians, Turks, and Prussians. The low demand for non-military and government subsidies meant that the firms were increasingly using weapons: by the late 1880s, weaponry represented about 50% of Krupp's total output. When Alfred started out with the company, he had five employees. At the time of his death, twenty thousand people worked for Krupp - making it the largest industrial company in the world and the largest private company in the German kingdom.
Krupp owns the Great Krupp Building with an arms exhibit at the Columbus Exhibition in 1893.
In the 20th century the company was led by Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach (1870-1950), who took the family name of Krupp when he married the heir Krupp, Bertha Krupp. After Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, Krupp's work became the center of German armaments. In 1943, with a special order from Hitler, the company returned to sole ownership, with Gustav and Bertha's eldest son Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach (1907-67) as the owner. After Germany's defeat, Gustav became senile and incapable of trial, and the Nuremberg Military Court sent Alfried as a war criminal in the Krupp Court to "loot" and for the use of his company's slave labor. He sentenced him to 12 years in prison and ordered him to sell 75% of his holdings. In 1951, when the Cold War developed and no buyers came, the US occupation authority released him, and in 1953 he regained control of the company.
In 1968, the company became a company. In 1999, the Krupp Group joined its biggest competitor, Thyssen AG; the combined company - ThyssenKrupp AG, became the fifth largest company in Germany and one of the largest steel producers in the world.
Maps Krupp
Family history
Initial history
The Krupp family first appeared in the historical record in 1587, when Arndt Krupp joined the merchant guild in Essen. Arndt, a trader, arrived in town before the Black Death outbreak and became one of the richest men in the city by buying family property that escaped from the epidemic. After he died in 1624, his son, Anton took over the family business; Anton oversaw thieving operations during the Thirty Years' War (1618-48), which is the first example of a long family association with weapons manufacturing.
For the next century Krupps continues to acquire property and engage in urban politics in Essen. In the mid-18th century, Friedrich Jodocus Krupp, Arndt's great-grandson, led the Krupp family. In 1751, he married Helene Amalie Ascherfeld (one of the great-great grandchildren of Arndt's grandchildren); Jodocus died six years later, leaving his widow to run the business: a first family. The Krupp widow greatly expanded family ownership for decades, grabbed milling, shared in four coal mines, and (in 1800) forged iron located on a river near Essen.
Friedrich Era
In 1807 the ancestor of the modern Krupp company, Friedrich Krupp, began his commercial career at the age of 19 when Dowager Krupp appointed him as a workshop manager. Friedrich's father, the widow's son, had died 11 years earlier; since then, the widow has guided the boy in trading ways, because he appears to be the logical family heir. Unfortunately, Friedrich proved too stupid for his own good, and quickly ran a previously profitable venture to the ground. The widow must immediately sell it.
In 1810, the widow died, and in what proved to be a disaster, left almost all of Krupp's property and property to Friedrich. Newly enriched, Friedrich decided to discover the secret of steel castings (crucible). Benjamin Huntsman, a watchmaker from Sheffield, has pioneered a process to make steel that can be cultivated in 1740, but Britain managed to keep it a secret, forcing others to import steel. When Napoleon started a blockade over the British Empire (see the Continental System), British steel became unavailable, and Napoleon offered a four thousand franc gift to anyone who could imitate the British process. This gift tickled Friedrich's interest.
Thus, in 1811 Friedrich founded Krupp Gusstahlfabrik (Cast Steel Works). He realized that he would need great facilities with resources for success, and therefore he built factories and foundries on the River Ruhr, which unfortunately proved an unreliable flow. Friedrich spent a considerable amount of time and money in a small water-powered facility, ignoring other Krupp businesses, but in 1816 he was able to produce melt steel. He died in Essen, October 8, 1826 aged 39.
Era Alfred
Alfred Krupp (born Alfried Felix Alwyn Krupp), son of Friedrich Carl, was born in Essen in 1812. His father's death forced him to leave school at the age of fourteen and take responsibility for steel work. A frightening prospect: his father has spent a lot of money in an effort to throw the steel in a big ingot, and to keep the work that widows and families live in extreme frugality. The young director works alongside the workers during the day and conducts his father's experiments at night, while occasionally visiting Europe trying to promote Krupp products and making sales. It was during his stay in England that young Alfried became enamored of the country and adopted the English spelling of his name.
Over the years, the works have earned enough money to cover the salaries of the workers. Then, in 1841, Alfred's brother, Hermann, invented a spoon grinder, which Alfred patented, carrying enough money to enlarge the plant, produce steel, and toss steel blocks. In 1847 Krupp made the first cannon of cast steel. At the Great Exhibition (London) in 1851, he exhibited 6 pellets made entirely of cast steel, and a perfectly solid 4,300 pound (2,000 kg) solid steel rod, more than double that of any previous mold. He surpassed this with 100,000 pounds (45,000 kg) ingots for the Paris Exhibition in 1855. The Krupp exhibition caused a sensation in the engineering world, and the work of Essen became famous.
In 1851, another successful innovation, a non-welded rail tire, started the company's main revenue stream, from sales to trains in the United States. Alfred enlarged the factory and fulfilled his long-established scheme to build a steel-loaded crusher cannon. He strongly believed in the superiority of the breech breaker, due to increased accuracy and speed, but this view did not win public acceptance among military officers, who remained loyal to bronze and muzzle bronze cannons. Alfred soon began producing the breech howitzer scanner, one of which he gave the prize to the Prussian court.
Indeed, unable to sell his armor, Krupp gave it to King Prussia, who used it as a decorative piece. The king's brother, Wilhelm, realized the importance of innovation. After he became regent in 1859, Prussia purchased the first 312 steel cannon from Krupp, which became the main arms factory for the Prussian military.
Prussian uses Krupp's advanced technology to defeat Austria and France in the German Unification War. The French high command refused to buy Krupp weapons despite the support of Napoleon III. The Franco-Prussian War is partly part of "Kruppstahl" versus bronze cannon. The success of the German artillery spurred the first international arms race, against Schneider-Creusot in France and Armstrong in England. Krupp was able to sell, take turns, improve artillery and increase steel shields to countries from Russia to Chile to Siam.
In Panic of 1873, Alfred continued to expand, including the purchase of Spanish mines and Dutch shipping, making Krupp the largest and wealthiest company in Europe but almost bankrupting it. He was saved with 30 million of Mark's loan from a consortium of banks arranged by Prussian State Bank.
In 1878 and 1879 Krupp held a competition known as VÃÆ'¶lkerschiessen , which fired a cannon demonstration for international buyers. It was held at Meppen, at the world's largest evidence site; privately owned by Krupp. He took 46 countries as a customer. At the time of his death in 1887, he had 75,000 employees, including 20,200 in Essen. In his lifetime, Krupp produced a total of 24,576 weapons; 10,666 for the German government and 13,910 for export.
Krupp founded Generalregulativ as the company's basic constitution. The Company is a sole proprietorship, inherited by the firstborn, with strict control over the workers. Krupp demands a pledge of allegiance, requiring workers to obtain written permission from their foreman when they need to use the toilet and issue a statement that tells their workers not to occupy themselves with national politics. In return, Krupp provides extraordinarily liberal social services for the era, including "colonies" with parks, schools and recreation - while widows and orphans and other benefits schemes insure their men and families in cases of illness or death.. Essen became a large corporate city and Krupp became a de facto country in a country, with "Kruppianer" as loyal to the Krupp company and family as a nation and family of Hohenzollern. Krupp's paternalist strategy was adopted by Bismarck as government policy, as a deterrent to the Social Democratic tendencies, and subsequently influenced the development and adoption of Adolf Hitler's FÃÆ'¼hrerprinzip.
The Krupp social services program started around 1861, when it was discovered that there were not enough houses in the city for company employees, and the company began building housing. In 1862 ten homes were ready for the foreman, and in 1863 the first house for workers was built in Alt Westend. Neu Westend was built in 1871 and 1872. In 1905, 400 homes were provided, many of which were granted free rents to former workers' widows. The cooperative society was founded in 1868 which became Consum-Anstalt. Profits are divided by the amount purchased. A boarding house for single men, the MÃÆ' Â © nage, started in 1865 with 200 boarders and in 1905 accommodated 1000. Bathhouse houses were provided and employees received free medical services. Accident, life, and disease insurance communities are formed, and companies contribute to their support. Technical and manual training schools are provided.
Krupp was also upheld by the kaiser, who dismissed Julius von Verdy du Vernois and his successor Hans von Kaltenborn for refusing Krupp's design of the C-96 field rifle, ranting, "I've drunk three War Ministers because of Krupp, and still they do not know!"
Krupp proclaims that he wants "a man to come and start counter-revolution" against Jews, socialists and liberals. In some strange mood he considered taking on the role himself. According to historian William Manchester, his great grandson, Krupp will interpret these explosions as a prophecy accomplished by Hitler's arrival.
Krupp's wedding is not fun. His wife, Bertha (not to be confused with their granddaughter), did not want to live in polluted Essen at Villa Hogel, a house designed by Krupp. She spends most of the year marrying them in resorts and spas, with their only child, a son.
Friedrich Alfred Era
After Krupp's death in 1887, his only son, Friedrich Alfred, continued his work. The father was a hard man, known as "Herr Krupp" since his early teens. Friedrich Alfred is called "Fritz" throughout his life, and is very different from his father in terms of appearance and personality. He was a philanthropist, rare among the Ruhr industry leaders. Part of his philanthropy supported the study of eugenics, part of progressive thinking at the time.
Fritz is a capable businessman, though different from his father. Fritz is the master of fine sales, and fostered close relations with Kaiser, Wilhelm II. Under Fritz's management, the company's business expanded further and further, spreading across the globe. He focuses on weapons manufacturing, as the US rail market buys from a self-evolving steel industry.
Fritz Krupp endorsed many new products that would change history a lot. In 1890 Krupp developed nickel steel, which was hard enough to allow thin armor armor and guns to use the better Nobel powder. In 1892, Krupp bought Gruson in a cruel takeover. It became Krupp-Panzer and manufactured steel plate and turret ship. In 1893, Rudolf Diesel brought his new machine to Krupp to build. In 1896 Krupp bought Germaniawerft in Kiel, which became the builder of Germany's main battleship and built the first German ship in 1906.
Fritz married Magda and they had two daughters: Bertha (1886-1957) and Barbara (1887-1972); the latter married Tilo Freiherr von Wilmowsky (1878-1966) in 1907.
Fritz was arrested on October 15, 1902 by Italian police during his retreat on the island of Capri in the Mediterranean, where he enjoyed the companionship of forty Italian teenage boys. He experienced the next publicity disaster and was found dead in his cubicle not long after. It was allegedly suicide, but the alleged fraud and details of the show were unclear. His wife was instituted for insanity.
Gustav Era
After the death of Fritz, his teenage daughter, Bertha inherited the firm. In 1903, the company was formally incorporated as a joint-stock company, Fried. Krupp Grusonwerk AG. However, Bertha has all but four parts. Kaiser Wilhelm II feels unthinkable by the Krupp company to run by a woman. He arranged for Bertha to marry Gustav von Bohlen und Halbach, a Prussian messenger to the Vatican and the grandson of American Civil War General Henry Bohlen. With the imperial proclamation at marriage, Gustav was given the additional name "Krupp," which will be inherited by the eldest son along with the company.
In 1911, Gustav bought Hamm Wireworks to produce barbed wire. In 1912, Krupp began producing stainless steels. Currently 50% of Krupp weapons are sold to Germany, and the rest to 52 other countries. The company has invested worldwide, including in cartels with other international companies. Essen is the company's headquarters. In 1913 Germany imprisoned a number of military officers for selling secrets to Krupp, in what is known as the "Kornwalzer scandal." Gustav himself was not punished and only fired the single director, Otto Eccius.
After Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in 1914, Krupp bought his villa BlÃÆ'¼hnbach, in Werfen in the Austrian Alps, and which is the former residence of Archbishop Salzburg.
Gustav led the company through World War I, almost entirely concentrating on artillery manufacturing, especially after the loss of overseas markets as a result of the Allied blockade. Vickers of England naturally suspended royalty payments during the war (Krupp holds patents on shell fuses, but repayments were made in 1926).
In 1916, the German government seized the Belgian industry and forced Belgian civilians for forced labor at Ruhr. This is a novelty in modern warfare and violates the Hague Convention, of which Germany is a signatory. During the war, Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft produced 84 U-boats for the German navy, as well as a submarine submarine Deutschland, which was intended to deliver raw materials to Germany despite the blockade. In 1918, the Allies named Gustav a war criminal, but his trial never resumed.
After the war, companies were forced to release weapons manufacturing. Gustav seeks to reorient to consumer products, under the slogan "Wir machen alles!" (we make everything!), but it operates in disadvantage for years. The company fired 70,000 workers but was able to prevent socialist unrest by passing on severance pay and its social services which were well known to the workers. The company opened a dental hospital to provide steel and jaw teeth for injured veterans. It received the first contract from the Prussian State railway, and produced its first locomotive.
In 1920, the Ruhr Rebellion took place in reaction to Kapp Putsch. The Red Army of Ruhr, or Rote Soldatenbund, takes over most of the demilitarized Rhineland without any resistance. The Krupp plant in Essen was occupied, and independent republics were announced, but the German Reichswehr invaded from Westphalia and quickly restored order. Later in the year, the British oversaw the demolition of many Krupp mills, reduced their half capacity and sent industrial equipment to France as war reparations.
In 1923 hyperinflation, the company printed Kruppmarks for use in Essen, which is the only stable currency there. France and Belgium occupied the Ruhr and established martial law. The French soldiers inspecting the Krupp plant in Essen were cornered by the workers in a garage, firing with machine-guns, and killing thirteen people. This incident triggered the killing of revenge and sabotage throughout the Rhineland, and when Krupp held a large public cemetery for the workers, he was fined and imprisoned by the French. This made him a national hero, and he was granted amnesty by France after seven months.
Although Krupp is a monarchist at heart, he collaborates with the Weimar Republic; as a producer of ammunition, his first loyalty was the power of the government. He was deeply involved with Reichswehr's evasion of the Versailles Treaty, and was secretly involved in the design and manufacture of weapons. In 1921 Krupp bought Bofors in Sweden as a front company and sold arms to neutral countries including the Netherlands and Denmark. In 1922, Krupp founded Suderius AG in the Netherlands, as a leading company for shipbuilding, and sold submarine designs to neutrals including the Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, Finland, and Japan. German Chancellor Wirth arranged for Krupp to secretly continue to design artillery and tanks, coordinating with military leaders von Seeckt and naval chief Paul Behncke. Krupp was able to hide this activity from Allied inspectors for five years, and continued to improve his engineer skills by hiring him to Eastern European governments including Russia.
In 1924, the Crude Steel Association (Rohstahlgemeinschaft) was established in Luxembourg, as a quota-setting cartel for coal and steel, by France, Britain, Belgium, Luxembourg, Austria, Czechoslovakia and Germany. Germany, however, chose to violate the quota and pay a fine, to monopolize the Ruhr output and continue to make high-grade steels. In 1926, Krupp started the manufacture of Widia ("Wie Diamant") cobalt-tungsten carbide. In 1928, German industry under Krupp's leadership went on a general strike, locked 250,000 workers, and prompted the government to cut 15% wages. In 1929, the Chrysler Building was closed with Krupp steel.
Gustav and especially Bertha were initially skeptical of Hitler, who was not from their class. Gustav's suspicion of the Nazis faded as Hitler dropped a plan to nationalize the business, the Communists won seats in the Nov. 6 election, and Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher suggested a planned economy with price controls. Nevertheless, no later than the day before President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor, Gustav warned him not to do so. However, after Hitler won power, Gustav became captivated by the Nazis (Fritz Thyssen describes it as "super-Nazi") to the level found by his wife and his subordinates.
In 1933, Hitler made Gustav the chairman of the German Industrial Reich Federation. Gustav expelled the Jews from the organization and dissolved the council, establishing himself as the sole decision maker. Hitler visited Gustav just before the cleansing of RÃÆ'¶hm in 1934, which among other things excluded many of those who truly believed in the "socialism" of "National Socialism." Gustav supports "German Adolf Hitler Industrial Liberation Fund", run by Bormann, who uses it to collect millions of Marks from German businessmen. As part of Hitler's secret weaponry program, Krupp grew from 35,000 to 112,000 employees.
Gustav worried about Hitler's aggressive foreign policy after the Munich Accord, but at that time he quickly surrendered to dementia and was effectively evacuated by his son Alfried. He was indicted in the Nuremberg Trials but never tried, because of his advanced dementia. He was the only German accused of war crimes after the two world wars. He was treated by his wife at a roadside inn near Blönnbach until his death in 1950, and was subsequently cremated and buried secretly, for his adopted name at that time was one of the most famous in the American Zone.
Era Alfried
As the eldest son of Bertha Krupp, Alfried is destined by the family tradition to be the sole heir of Krupp's concerns. An amateur photographer and Olympic sailor, he was an early supporter of Nazism among German industrialists, joined the SS in 1931, and never denied his loyalty to Hitler.
His father's health began to decline in 1939, and after a stroke in 1941, Alfried took full control of the company, continuing his role as a major weapon supplier to Germany during the war. In 1943, Hitler decided Lex Krupp, authorized the transfer of all Bertha shares to Alfried, named him "Krupp" and expelled his brothers.
During the war, Krupp was allowed to take over many industries in the occupied countries, including the steel work of Arthur Krupp in Berndorf, Austria, Alsacian Corporation for Mechanical Construction (Elsaessische Maschinenfabrik AG, or ELMAG), Robert Rothschild's tractor factory in France ,? Koda Works in Czechoslovakia, and Deutsche Schiff- und Maschinenbau AG (Deschimag) in Bremen. This activity became the basis for allegations of "looting" in war crimes tribunals against Krupp executives after the war.
As another war crime, Krupp used forced labor, both POWs and civilians from the occupied countries, and representatives of Krupp were sent to concentration camps to select workers. Slavic and Jewish slave treatment was very harsh, because they were considered sub-human in Nazi Germany, and the Jews were targeted for "extermination through work". The number of slaves can not be calculated due to constant fluctuations but is estimated to be 100,000, at a time when the Krupp free employees number 278,000. The highest number of Jewish slave workers at one time was about 25,000 in January 1943.
In 1942-1943, Krupp built the Berthawerk factory (named for his mother), near the labor camp of Markstadt, for the production of artillery fuses. Jewish women used as slave labor there, hired from SS to 4 Marks per head per day. Then in 1943 was taken over by Union Werke.
In 1942, although Russia withdrew bringing many factories to the Urals, the steel mills were too large to relocate. Krupp took over production, including at the Molotov plant, working near Kharkov and Kramatorsk in eastern Ukraine, and in mines that supply iron, manganese, and vital chrome for steel production.
The Battle of Stalingrad in 1942 assured Krupp that Germany would lose the war, and he secretly began to liquidate 200 million Marks in government bonds. This allows him to retain most of his wealth and hide it overseas.
Beginning in 1943, Allied bombers targeted Germany's main industrial district in Ruhr. Most of the damage in Krupp is actually a forced labor camp, and German tank production continues to increase from 1,000 to 1,800 per month. However, by the end of the war, with a labor shortage preventing repairs, the main factories had no commissions.
On July 25, 1943 the Royal Air Force attacked Krupp Works with 627 heavy bombers, dropping 2,032 tons of long bombs in the Oboe flag. Upon arrival at work the next morning, Gustav Krupp suffered from a disease he had never received.
After the war, Ruhr became part of the British occupation territory. The British dismantled the Krupp factories, sending machines across Europe as war reparations. Russia seized Krupp's Grusonwerk in Magdeburg, including a formula for tungsten steel. Germaniawerft in Kiel was dismantled, and Krupp's role as a weapon producer ended. The law of the Allied High Commission 27, in 1950, mandated the decommissioning of the German industry.
Meanwhile, Alfried was detained in Landsberg prison, where Hitler was imprisoned in 1924. At the Krupp Session, held in 1947-1948 at Nuremberg after Nuremberg's main session, Alfried and most other defendants convicted of crimes against humanity (looting and employment forced, while exonerated from crimes against peace, and conspiracy, Alfried was sentenced to 12 years in prison and "the appropriation of all his property both real and personal," made him impoverished.2 Two years later, on January 31, 1951, John J. McCloy, Commissioner High from the American occupation zone, issuing amnesty to the defendants Krupp Many of Alfried's industrial empires were restored, but he was forced to transfer some of his wealth to his brothers, and he abandoned weapons manufacturing.
By this time, Wirtschaftswunder West Germany had begun, and the Korean War had changed the United States' priority from denazification to anti-Communism. The German industry is seen as an integral part of Western Europe's economic recovery, steel production limits are lifted, and the reputation of Hitler companies and industrialists is rehabilitated.
In 1953 Krupp negotiated Mehlem's agreement with the governments of the United States, Great Britain and France. Hitler's Lex Krupp was upheld, rebuilding Alfried as sole owner, but Krupp's mining and steel business was exiled and promised to be divested in 1959. There is little evidence that Alfried intended to fulfill his party from bargaining, and he continued to receive royalties from the exiled industry.
Despite having only 16,000 employees and 16,000 retirees, Alfried refused to cut pensions. He ended unprofitable businesses including shipbuilding, railroad tires, and farm equipment. He hired Berthold Beitz, an insurance executive, as the company's face, and started a public relations campaign to promote Krupp around the world, eliminating references to Nazism or weapons manufacturing. Starting with Adenauer, he established personal diplomacy with heads of state, making open and secret deals to sell equipment and engineering expertise. Significant expansion in former British colonies and behind the Iron Curtain, in countries that want to industrialize but are suspicious of NATO. Krupp builds a milling mill in Mexico, a paper mill in Egypt, a foundry plant in Iran, oil refineries in Greece, a vegetable oil processing plant in Sudan, and its own steel mill in Brazil. In India, Krupp rebuilt Rourkela in Odisha as a company town similar to Essen himself. In West Germany, Krupp made jet fighters in Bremen, as a joint venture with United Aircraft, and built an atomic reactor at JÃÆ'¼lich, partly funded by the government. The company grew to 125,000 employees worldwide, and in 1959 Krupp was the fourth largest in Europe (after Royal Dutch, Unilever, and Mannesmann), and the 12th largest in the world.
1959 was also a time limit for Krupp to sell exiled industries, but he was supported by other Ruhr industrialists, who refused to bid. Krupp not only took back control of the companies in 1960, he used a clam company in Sweden to buy Bochumer Verein fÃÆ'¼r Gussstahlfabrikation AG, he said was the best remaining steel producer in West Germany. The Joint Market allows these measures, effectively ending the policy of the Alliance's decartelization. Alfried is the richest man in Europe, and among the few billionaires in the world.
The treatment of Jews during the war was still a problem. In 1951, Adenauer acknowledged that "unspeakable crimes were committed in the name of the German people, imposing on them the obligation to make morals and material change." Negotiations with the Claims Conference resulted in a Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany. IG Farben, Siemens, Krupp, AEG, Telefunken and Rheinmetall separately compensated Jewish slave laborers, but Alfried refused to consider compensation to non-Jewish slave laborers.
In the mid-1960s, a series of punches ended Krupp's special status. The recession in 1966 revealed the company's excessive credit and made Alfried's mining and steel company a losing leader. In 1967, the West German Federal Tax Court ended a sales tax exemption for private companies, where Krupp was the largest, and canceled the company's release in Hitler's time from inheritance tax. Alfious's only child, Arndt von Bohlen und Halbach (1938-1986), would not develop an interest in the family business and was willing to give up his inheritance. Alfried arranged for the company to be reorganized as a company and a foundation for scientific research, with generous retirement for Arndt. Although Arndt is homosexual, like his great-grandfather Friedrich (Fritz) Krupp, he is married but has no children. He was an alcoholic and died of cancer in 1986, aged 48, 399 years after Arndt Krupp arrived in Essen.
From Fried Krupp to Thyssen Krupp
Alfried has been married twice, both ending in divorce, and with family tradition he has expelled his brothers from the company management. He died in Essen in 1967, and the transformation of the company was completed next year, capitalized on 500 million DM, with Beitz in charge of Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation and chairman of the board until 1989. Between 1968 and 1990 the Foundation was awarded a grant of approximately 360 million DM. In 1969, coal mines were transferred to Ruhrkohle AG. Stahlwerke SÃÆ'¼dwestfalen was purchased for stainless steels, and Polysius AG and Heinrich Koppers for engineering and construction of industrial plants.
In 1974, the Iranian monarchy bought 25.04% of its steel subsidiary, Fried. Krupp HÃÆ'¼ttenwerke AG, and in 1976 bought 25.01% of Fried. Krupp GmbH, whose capital stock increased to 700 million DM in the summer of 1978. After the Iranian Revolution, this holdings were held by the Islamic Republic of Iran.
In the early 1980s, the company separated all its operations and restructured its parent company. VDM Nickel-Technologie was purchased in 1989, for high-performance materials, mechanical engineering and electronics. That year, Gerhard Cromme became chairman and chief executive of Krupp. After a hostile takeover with competitor steelmaker Hoesch AG in 1990-1991, the companies merged in 1992 as "Fried Krupp AG Hoesch Krupp," under Cromme. After closing a major steel mill and laid off 20,000 employees, the company has a steelmaking capacity of around eight million metric tons and sales of around 28 billion DM (US $ 18.9 billion). The new Krupp has six divisions: steel, engineering, factory construction, automotive supplies, trade, and services. After two years of large losses, a modest net profit of 40 million DM (US $ 29.2 million) was followed in 1994.
In 1993 Krupp became a public company for the first time in its long history, although until the end of 1998 the foundation still holds 50.47% and the Iranian government is 22.92%. In 1994, Italian stainless steel maker Acciai Speciali Terni was acquired, and in 1995 this operation was merged with Thyssen at the Krupp-Thyssen Nirosta joint venture (60% owned by Krupp and 40% owned by Thyssen).
In 1997 Krupp tried to take over the larger Thyssen, but the offer was abandoned after the resistance of Thyssen's management and protests by his workers. Nevertheless, Thyssen agreed to combine the average steel operations of the two companies, and Thyssen Krupp Stahl AG was founded in 1997 as a joint-owned subsidiary (60% by Thyssen and 40% by Krupp). Approximately 6,300 workers were dismissed. Later that year, Krupp and Thyssen announced a full merger, which was completed in 1999 with the formation of ThyssenKrupp AG. Cromme and Ekkehard Schulz are named co-chief executives of the new company, operating worldwide in three major business areas: steel, capital goods (elevator and industrial equipment), and services (special materials, environmental services, mechanical engineering, and scaffolding services ).
Roles played in important historical events
French-Prussian War
Prussia's unexpected victory over France (July 19, 1870 - May 10, 1871) shows the superiority of the load-bearing steel cannon over brass-loaded muzzles. The Krupp artillery was an important factor in the battle of Wissembourg and Gravelotte, and was used during the siege of Paris. Krupp's anti-balloon weapon is the first anti-aircraft weapon. Prussia fortified the main port of northern Germany with batteries that could hit a French ship from a distance of 4,000 meters, hampering the invasion.
Crisis Venezuela
Construction of Krupp from the Great Venezuela Railway from 1888 to 1894 raised Venezuela's national debt. The postponement of debt repayments in Venezuela in 1901 led to the diplomacy of warships from the Venezuelan Crisis of 1902-1903.
Balkan wars
Russia and the Ottoman Empire both bought large quantities of Krupp weapons. In 1887, Russia had purchased 3,096 Krupp weapons, while the Ottoman bought 2,773 Krupp weapons. At the beginning of the Balkan war the largest export market for Krupp worldwide was Turkey, which bought 3,943 Krupp weapons of various types between 1854 and 1912. The second largest customer in the Balkans was Romania, which bought 1,450 weapons in the same period, while Bulgaria bought 517 pieces , Greece 356, Austria-Hungary 298, Montenegro 25, and Serbia only 6 weapons.
World War I
Krupp produced most of the German Imperial Army artillery, including heavy siege weapons: the Big Beam of 1914, 1916 Langer Max and the seven Paris Arms in 1917 and 1918. In addition, Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft built German warships and submarines in Kiel. During the Krupp war modified also the existing Langer Max weapon designs that they woke up in Koekelare. The rifle called Batterie Pommern was the largest weapon in the world in 1917 and was able to shoot Ã, Â ± 750 kg from Koekelare to Dunkirk. Before World War I, Krupps had a contract with British war equipment company Vickers and Son Ltd. (formerly Vickers Maxim) to supply Maxim's machine guns built by Vickers. Instead, from 1902 Krupps was contracted by Vickers to supply its patented shovels to Vickers bullets. It is known that injured and dead German soldiers were found to have spent Vickers bullets with German inscription "Krupps patent zÃÆ'¼nder [fuses]" lying around their bodies.
World War II
Krupp received his first order for 135 Panzer I tanks in 1933, and during World War II made tanks, artillery, naval weapons, steel plates, ammunition and other weapons for the German military. Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft shipyard launched the Prinz Eugen explorers , as well as many German U vessels (130 between 1934 and 1945) using supplied parts supplied by other Krupp mills in a process similar to the construction of US Ship freedom.
In the 1930s, Krupp developed two 800 mm firearms, Schwerer Gustav and Dora. These weapons are the largest pieces of artillery ever used by soldiers during wartime, and weigh nearly 1,344 tons. They can fire a 7-ton bullet as far as 37 kilometers. More important for the German military operation was the development of Krupp from the famous 88 mm anti-aircraft gun found to be used as a well-known anti-tank weapon.
Dalam sebuah pidato kepada Pemuda Hitler, Adolf Hitler menyatakan "Di mata kami, bocah Jerman masa depan harus ramping dan slowing, secepat greyhound, sekuat kulit dan sekeras baja Krupp" ( ,,.. the German boy of the future must be slender and peringkat, fast as greyhounds, tough as leather and tough as Kruppstahl. ")
Krupp Industries employs workers required by the Nazi regime from all over Europe. These workers were initially paid, but as the Nazi fate decreased, they remained as slave laborers. They were harassed, beaten, and starved by thousands, as described in The Arms of Krupp. Nazi Germany kept two million French POWs captured in 1940 as forced laborers throughout the war. They added compulsory workers (and volunteers) from occupied countries, especially in metal factories. The lack of volunteers led the French government Vichy to deport workers to Germany, where they constituted 15% of the workforce in August 1944. The largest number working in the gigantic Krupp steel work in Essen. Low salaries, long working hours, frequent bombings and densely packed aerial shields add to the discomfort of poor housing, inadequate warming, limited food, and poor medical care, all exacerbated by harsh Nazi discipline. In a written statement given to the Nuremberg Trial after the war, Dr. Wilhelm Jaeger, senior physician for Krupp "slave," writes, "Bad sanitary conditions. In Kramerplatz only ten children's toilets are available for 1200 residents... Excretion contaminated throughout this toilet floor, Tartars and Kirghiz suffered most, they collapsed such as flies of bad housing, poor quality and insufficient quantity of food, too much work and insufficient rest... Countless bugs, insects and other pests torture the inhabitants of these camps... "The victims finally returned home in the summer of 1945 after their release by the allied forces.
The Krupp industry was prosecuted after the end of the war because of its support of the Nazi regime and the use of forced labor.
Post World War II
The Krupp truck was once again produced after the war, but to minimize the negative war-time connotations of the Krupp name, they were sold as "SÃÆ'¼dwerke" trucks from 1946 to 1954, when the name Krupp was considered rehabilitated.
The work of Krupp Steel Essen, Germany, produced a submarine ball pressure chamber Trieste , the first ship to bring humans to the deepest point in the ocean, completed in 1960. This is a tough task. original pressure ball replacer (made in Italy by Acciaierie Terni) and produced in three delicate engine parts: an equatorial ring and two hemispherical hats. This ball weighs 13 metric tons in air (eight metric tons in water) with a wall thickness of 12.7 cm (5.0 inches).
Krupp Steel Works was also contracted in the mid-1960s to construct the 100-m Effelsberg Radio Telescope, which, from 1972 to 2000, was the world's largest steam-driven radio telescope.
Peace activities
The period of railway expansion
Krupp is the first company to patent a smooth, reliable, and powerful railroad tire for rail freight. Krupp received the original contract in the United States and enjoyed a period of technological excellence while also contributing most of the train to the new continental rail system. "Almost all railroads use Krupp, New York Central, Illinois Central, Delaware and Hudson, Maine Central, Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, Bangor and Aroostook, Great Northern, Boston and Albany, Florida and East Coast, Texas and Pacific rail links, South Pacific, and Mexico National. "
Diesel engine
In 1893, a mechanical engineer by the name of Rudolf Diesel approached Gustav with a patent for "a new type of internal combustion engine that uses fuel autoignition". He also inserted his text "Theorie und Konstruktion eines rationellen WÃÆ'¤rmemotors". Four years later, the first 3-horsepower diesel engine was produced.
pronunciation
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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