Braces (also known as braces , orthodontic case , or case ) are devices used in orthodontics parallel and straighten the teeth and help position them with attention to one's bites, while also aiming to improve dental health. Braces also fix the gap. They are often used to repair underbites, as well as malocclusions, overbites, open bites, deep bites, cross bites, crooked teeth, and various other teeth and jaw defects. Braces can be either cosmetic or structural. Braces are often used in conjunction with other orthodontic devices to help widen the palate or jaw and to help shape the teeth and jaw.
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History
Ancient
According to experts and historians, the dates are from ancient times. Around 400-300 BC, Hippocrates and Aristotle contemplated ways to straighten teeth and improve various dental conditions. Archaeologists have discovered many ancient individuals who are mummified with what looks like metal bands that wrap their teeth. Catgut, a type of cable made from natural fibers of animal gut, performs the same role as today's orthodontic wire in closing the gaps in the teeth and mouth.
Etruscan people bury their dead with dental equipment in place to keep space and prevent teeth collapse in the afterlife. A Roman tomb was found with a number of teeth tied to a gold wire that was documented as a wire binder, a small elastic wire used to attach the curved wire to the bracket. Even Cleopatra wore a pair. Roman philosopher and physician Aulus Cornelius Celsus first noted dental care with finger pressure. Unfortunately, due to lack of evidence, poor preservation of the body, and primitive technology, little research was done on braces until about the 17th century, though dentistry made great progress as a profession at the time.
18th century
Orthodontics really began to flourish in the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1728, the French dentist Pierre Fauchard, often credited with modern orthodontic invention, published a book titled "The Surgeon Dentist" on the method of straightening the teeth. Fauchard, in his practice, uses a device called "Bandeau", a piece of horseshoe-shaped metal that helps expand the arch. In 1754, another French dentist, Louis Bourdet, dentist to the King of France, followed Fauchard's book with The Dentist's Art, which also dedicated a chapter for the alignment and application of teeth. He perfected "Bandeau" and was the first dentist in a note recommending premolar tooth extraction to reduce crowds and promote jaw growth.
19th century
Although the dental and palatum and/or pull ups are used to improve the alignment of the remaining teeth and have been practiced early on, orthodontics, as a science of its own, did not really exist until the mid-19th century. Some important dentists help advance braces with special instruments and tools that allow braces to be repaired.
In 1819, Delabarre introduced a wire bed, which marked the birth of contemporary orthodontics, and the elastic rubber first used by Maynard in 1843. Tucker was the first to cut rubber bands from rubber tubes in 1850. Dentists, writers, artists , and sculptor Norman William Kingsley in 1858 wrote the first article on orthodontics and in 1880, his book, The Treatise on Oral Disabilities was published. A dentist named John Nutting Farrar is credited for writing two volumes entitled, The Treatise on Irregularities of the and Their Corrections and is the first to suggest the use of lightweight at intervals of time to move teeth.
20th century
At the beginning of the 20th century, Edward Angle devised the first simple classification system for malocclusions, such as Class I, Class II, and so on. The classification system is still used today as a way for the dentist to describe how the teeth are bent, how the teeth are pointed, and how the teeth match. Angles greatly contribute to the design of orthodontic and dental equipment, making a lot of simplification. He founded the first school and orthodontic college, organized the American Society of Orthodontia in 1901 which became the American Association of Orthodontists (AAO) in the 1930s, and founded the first orthodontic journal in 1907. Other orthodontic innovations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries including the first book on orthodontics for children, published by JJ Guilford in 1889, and the use of elastic rubber, spearheaded by Calvin S. Case, along with Henry Albert Baker.
Maps Dental braces
Process
The application of braces moves the teeth as a result of strength and pressure on the teeth. Traditionally there are four basic elements used: brackets, binders, curved wire, and elastic ligature (also called "O-ring"). The teeth move when the curved wire puts pressure on the brackets and teeth. Sometimes a spring or a rubber band is used to give more power to a particular direction.
Braces have a constant pressure which, over time, moves the tooth to the desired position. This process loosens teeth after new bone grows to support the teeth in its new position. This is called bone remodeling. Bone remodeling is a biomechanical process responsible for making bones stronger in response to sustained and weaker load-bearing activity due to lack of charge. Bones are made of cells called osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Two different types of bone resorption are possible: direct resorption, starting from the lining of the alveolar bone cells, and indirect or retrograde resorption, which occurs when the periodontal ligament has undergone an excessive amount and the duration of compressive pressure. Another important factor associated with tooth movement is bone deposition. Bone deposits occur in disrupted periodontal ligaments. Without bone deposition, the teeth will relax and the voids will occur distally toward the movement of the tooth.
Type
- Traditional braces are stainless steels and sometimes used in combination with titanium. Traditional braces are the most common type of braces. These braces have metal brackets with elastic bands (rubber bands) that hold the wire to metal brackets. The second most common type of braces are self-ligating braces that do not require elastic bonding. Instead, the wire passes through the bracket. Often with this type of braces, reduced maintenance time, there is less tooth pain, and fewer adjustments are required than with traditional braces.
- gold-plated stainless steel braces are often used for patients allergic to nickel (basic and essential components of stainless steels), but may also be chosen because some people are more choose a golden look over traditional silver-colored braces.
- Lingual braces is a cosmetic alternative where the specially crafted braces are attached to the back of the tooth making them invisible externally. The wire
- Titanium resembles a stainless steel wire but is lighter and equally strong. People with an allergy to nickel in steel often opt for titanium braces, but they are more expensive than stainless steel wire.
- Customized orthodontic treatment systems combine high technology including 3-D imaging, maintenance planning software and robots to bend wires. This customized system offers faster maintenance time and more efficient results.
- Progressive and clear release ropes can be used to gradually move the gears to their final position. Aligners are generally not used for complex orthodontic cases, such as when extraction, jaw surgery, or ceiling expansion is necessary.
Installation procedure
Orthodontic services may be provided by licensed dentists trained in orthodontics. In North America most orthodontic treatments are performed by orthodontists, who are dentists in diagnosis and treatment of malocclusion - malalignment of teeth, jaws, or both. A dentist should complete 2-3 years of additional post-doctoral training to obtain a special certificate in orthodontics. There are many general practitioners who also provide orthodontic services.
The first step is to determine whether braces are suitable for the patient. Doctors consult patients and examine the teeth visually. If braces are appropriate, the note assignment is set where X-rays, prints, and impressions are made. These records are analyzed to determine the exact problem and action. The use of digital models is increasing rapidly in the orthodontic industry. Digital treatment begins with the manufacture of a three-dimensional digital model of the patient's arch. This model is produced by a laser plaster scanning model made using dental implants. Automatic computer-maintenance simulations have the ability to automatically separate gums and teeth from each other and can handle malocclusions well; this software enables doctors to ensure, in a virtual setting, that the selected treatment will produce optimal results, with minimal user input.
Typical treatment times vary from six months to two and a half years depending on the complexity and type of problem. Orthognathic surgery may be necessary in extreme cases. About 2 weeks before braces are installed, an orthodontic spacer may be needed to dissect the back teeth to create enough space for the tape.
Teeth to be attached will have adhesive applied to help bond the cement to the tooth surface. In most cases, the teeth will be tied up and then the bracket will be added. The bracket will be applied with cement gear, and then healed with light until it hardens. This process usually takes a few seconds per tooth. If needed, the orthodontic spacer can be inserted between the molars to make room for the molar band to be placed at a later date. A molar band is needed to ensure the bracket will stick. Bands are also used when dental fillings or other dental treatments secure the bracket to inappropriate teeth.
An archwire will be threaded between the brackets and affixed with elastic or metal ligatures. Ligatures are available in different colors, and patients can choose the colors they like. Archwires are bent, shaped, and tightened frequently to achieve the desired result.
Modern orthodontics often use nickel-titanium archwires and temperature sensitive materials. When cold, archwire is limp and supple, easily threaded between any configuration brackets. Once heated to body temperature, the archwire will tighten and try to maintain its shape, creating a constant force of light on the teeth.
Brackets with hooks can be placed, or hooks can be made and affixed to archwire to affix rubber bands. Placement and configuration of rubber bands will depend on individual care and patient. Rubber ribbons are made with different diameters, colors, sizes, and strengths. They are also usually available in two versions: colored or clear/opaque.
The installation process can vary between different types of braces, although there are similarities like the initial steps to form a tooth before an application. For example, with clear braces, the patient's dental traces are evaluated to make a series of trays, which are suitable for the patient's mouth almost like a protective funnel. With some form of braces, brackets are placed in a special shape adapted to the patient's mouth, drastically reducing application time.
In many cases there is not enough space in the mouth for all the teeth to fit properly. There are two main procedures for giving space in these cases. One is extraction: teeth are removed to create more space. The second is expansion, where the ceiling or arch is made larger by using a palatal expander. Expander can be used with children and adults. Because adult bones are already fused, expanding the ceiling is not possible without surgery to familiarize them. Expander can be used in adults without surgery, but will be used to expand the dental arch, and not the ceiling.
Sometimes children and adolescent patients, and occasionally adults, are required to wear headgear as part of a major maintenance phase to keep certain teeth from moving (for more details on headgear and facial covering tool see headgear Orthodontics). When the braces hit one's teeth, the periodontal membrane stretches on one side and is solidified on the other side. This movement needs to be done slowly or else the patient is at risk of losing his teeth. This is why braces are worn during them and adjustments are made only as often as possible.
Braces are usually adjusted every three to six weeks. This helps to shift the gear to the correct position. As they are adjusted, orthodontists remove colored or metal ligatures keeping the archwire in place. Archwire is then deleted, and can be changed or modified. When the archwire has been placed back into the mouth, the patient can select a color for the new elastic ligature, which is then affixed to the metal brackets. The adjustment process can cause discomfort in the patient, which is normal.
Post-care
Patients may require post-orthodontic surgery, such as fiberotomy or alternative gum removal, to prepare their teeth for retainer use and improve gumline contours after braces are removed.
Followers
To prevent the tooth from moving back to its original position, the followers are subjected after the treatment is completed. Followers help maintain and stabilize the position of the tooth long enough to allow reorganization of support structures after the active phase of orthodontic therapy. If the patient does not use the punggawa properly and/or in the right amount of time, the teeth can move to the previous position. For ordinary braces, Hawley's followers are used. They are made of metal hooks that surround the teeth and are covered by an acrylic plate that is formed to fit the patient's ceiling. For invisalign braces, Essix retainers are used. This is similar to ordinary invisalign braces; this is a clear plastic tray firmly mounted on the tooth, which stays in place with no plates mounted to the ceiling. There is also a bonded retainer where the wire is permanently bonded to the lingual side of the tooth, usually a lower tooth only. Doctors sometimes refuse to remove this retainer, and special orthodontic designation to remove it may be necessary.
Headgear
Headgear should be used between 12-22 hours every day to be effective in repairing overbite, usually for 12 to 18 months depending on the severity of the overbite, how much is used and what growth stage the patient experiences. Usually the prescribed daily usage time will be between 14 and 16 hours a day and is often used for the primary care phase to maintain the position of the jaw and arch.
Orthodontic head cover will usually consist of three main components: Facebow: first, facebow (or J-Hooks) is equipped with metal curves to the headgear tube attached to the upper and lower rear molar. The facebow then extends out of the mouth and around the patient's face. J-Hook differs in relation to the patient's mouth and attaches directly to the brace (see photo for example J-Hook).
Headgear applications are one of the most useful tools available to orthodontists when seeking to repair Class II malocclusions. See more details in the Orthodontic headgear section.
Pre-finishing
Pre-finisher is formed for the patient's teeth by using extreme pressure to the tool by one's jaw. The product is then used for a certain period of time with the user applying power to the tool in their mouth for 10 to 15 seconds at a time. The purpose of this process is to increase the exercise time in applying force to the tool. If a person's teeth are not ready for the right retainer, the dentist may prescribe the use of an established end-device such as a pre-finisher. It improves the gap between the teeth, the small space between the upper and lower jaws, and other small problems.
Complications and risks
Having some pain after installation and activation of orthodontic braces remains very common and several methods have been suggested to overcome this.
The shift gear obtained by orthodontic means determines in many cases some degree of root resorption. Only in some cases these side effects are large enough to be considered as a real clinical damage to the teeth. In rare cases, teeth may fall out or have to be extracted due to resorption of the roots.
See also
References
External links
Media related to Dental braces in Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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