American popular music has a huge effect on music around the world. The country has seen the rise of popular styles that have a significant influence on global culture, including ragtime, blues, jazz, swing, rock, bluegrass, country, R & B, doo wop, gospel, soul, funk, heavy metal, punk, disco, home, techno, salsa, grunge and hip hop. In addition, the American music industry is quite diverse, supporting a number of regional styles such as zydeco, klezmer and slack-key.
The typical American music scene emerged in the early nineteenth century, and in the 20th century the American music industry developed a new set of music forms, using elements of blues and other American folk music genres. These popular styles include country, R & amp; B, jazz, and rock. The 1960s and 1970s saw a number of important changes in American popular music, including the development of a number of new styles, such as heavy metal, punk, soul, and hip hop. Although this style is not in the mainstream sense, they are commercially recorded and are examples of popular music as opposed to folk or classical music.
Video American popular music
Beginning "popular" music
The earliest songs that can be considered American popular music , as opposed to popular music from a particular region or ethnicity, are sentimental parlor songs by Stephen Foster and his friends, and songs intended for use in a singer's performance, a theater production featuring singing, dancing, and comic performance. Minstrel shows generally using African instruments and dances, and displays artists with their faces blackened, a technique called blackface. [1] In the mid-19th century, touring companies have taken this music not only to every part of the United States but also to England, Western Europe, and even Africa and Asia. Minstrel performances are generally advertised as if the show's music is in African American style, though this is often not true.
Blacks had taken part in American popular culture before the Civil War era, at least dating back to the African Grove Theater in New York in the 1820s and the first music publication by a black composer, Francis Johnson, in 1818. However, this important milestone still occurs entirely in European music conventions. The very popular first singer song was "Jump Jim Crow" by Thomas "Daddy" Rice, first performed in 1832 and was a sensation in London when Rice did it there in 1836. Rice used a dance she copied from a boy who stable with the tone adopted from Irish jig. African elements include the use of banjo, believed to be derived from Western African string instruments, and additional accents and rhythms. Many of the songs from the singer's performances are still remembered today, especially those by Daniel Emmett and Stephen Foster, the latter, according to David Ewen , "America's first major composer, and one of the world's great songwriters". [3] Foster's songs are typical of the singer's era in their shameless sentimentality, and in their acceptance of slavery. Nevertheless, Foster did more than most of the songwriters of the time to humanize the composed blacks, as in "Nelly Was a Lady", a sad, melancholy song about a black man mourning the loss of his wife. [4]
The singer's performance marked the beginning of a long tradition of African American music tailored for a popular audience, and was the first clear American musical form to gain international recognition, in the mid-19th century. As noted by Donald Clarke, the minstrel show contains "basically black music, while the most successful action is white, so black songs and dances are imitated by white players and then taken by black players, thus ending to a certain extent, imitating themselves ". Clarke attributes the use of blackfaces to the whites of Americans to glorify the brutal existence of free blacks and slaves by portraying them as happy and cheerful individuals, best suited for plantation life and simple, joyous performances that easily appeal to white
Blackface minstrel shows remained popular throughout the last part of the 19th century, only gradually dying towards the beginning of the 20th century. During that time, the form of fancy and elaborate theater called extravaganza emerged, beginning with Charles M. Barras' The Black Crook . [7] Then, extravaganzas took the elements of the burlesque show, which was a very popular satire and parody production in the late 19th century.
Like extravaganza and burlesque, variety events are the production of comics and fringes, popular from the mid to late 19th century, by that time it has evolved into vaudeville. The form was innovated by producers such as Tony Pastor who tried to encourage women and children to attend the event; they hesitated because the theater had long been a rough and disorganized crowd. In the early 20th century, vaudeville revered entertainment for women and children, and songwriters like Gus Edwards wrote popular songs in the whole country. [10] The most popular vaudeville show is, like Ziegfeld Follies , a series of songs and plays that have a profound effect on subsequent developments Broadway musical theater and Tin Pan Alley songs.
Tin Pan Alley
Tin Pan Alley is an area called Union Square in New York City, which became the main center of music publishing in the mid-1890s. The songwriters of this era wrote the formula songs, many of which were sentimental ballads. Some of Tin Tin Alley's most famous publishers include Willis Woodward, M. Witmark & ​​â € <â € < Children, Charles K. Harris, and Edward B. Marks and Joseph W. Stern. Stern and Marks are among the most famous songwriters of Tin Pan Alley; they started writing together as amateurs in 1894. In addition to popular ballads, mainstream and other clean-cut songs, some Tin Pan Alley Publishers focus on rough and lewd. Coon songs are an important part of Tin Pan Alley, which comes from the dilute songs of the singer's show with "passion and electricity" brought by "ragtime rhythm assimilation". The first popular coon song was "New Coon in Town", introduced in 1883, and followed by a wave of coon shouters Broadway
The early 20th century also saw the growth of Broadway, a group of theaters specializing in musicals. Broadway became one of the leading locations for musical theater in the world, and produced a collection of songs that encouraged Donald Clarke to call the era, the golden age of songwriting. The need to adapt fun songs with the boundaries of a theater and plot allows and encourages growth in songwriting and the emergence of composers such as George Gershwin, Vincent Youmans, Irving Berlin and Jerome Kern. [15] This songwriter wrote a song that remained popular and is today known as the Great American Songbook.
The foreign opera was popular among the upper classes throughout the 19th century, while other musical theater styles included operetta, opera ballad and opera bouffe. The English operetta of Gilbert and Sullivan is very popular, while American compositions have difficulty finding audiences. George M. Cohan was the first famous American musical theater composer, and the first to move from operetta, and also famous for using language in everyday language in his work. However, in the early twentieth century, playwrights, composers, and black musicians had a major influence on musical theater, starting with Will Marion Cook, James Reese Europe, and James P. Johnson; the first big black hit music was Shuffle Along in 1921. [16]
Domestic import operation and production by whites like Cohan and blacks like Cook, Europe and Johnson all have a formative influence on Broadway. Composers like Gershwin, Porter and Kern make the comedy musical theater a national pastime, with a clear American feel and not relying on European models. Most of these people were Jews, with Cole Porter the only exception; they are descendants of 19th-century immigrants who escaped persecution in the Russian Empire, the most influential settlers in various neighborhoods in New York City. Many of the early musicals were influenced by black music, showing early jazz elements, such as In Dahomey ; the Jewish composers of these works may have seen the connection between the traditional African American tone of blue and their own folk music.
Broadway songs were recorded around the turn of the century, but did not become very popular beyond their theatrical contexts until much later. Jerome Kern's "They Do not Believe Me" is an early song that became popular all over the country. Kern's later innovations include a more credible plot than a rather amorphous story that was built around the songs of previous works, beginning with the Show Boat in 1927. George Gershwin was probably the most influential composer on Broadway, with "Swanee" in 1919 and later worked for jazz and orchestra. His most enduring composition is probably the opera Porgy and Bess , the story of two blacks, which Gershwin intended as a kind of "folk opera", the creation of a new style of American musical theater based on American idioms. [18]
Ragtime
Ragtime is a style of dance music based around the piano, using synchronous rhythms and chromaticisms; [19] The most famous player and composer genre is undoubtedly Scott Joplin. Donald Clarke considers ragtime the culmination of coon songs, used first in singer and then vaudeville performances, and the minstrelsy rhythm results seep into the mainstream; he also pointed out that the distinctive sound of ragtime probably stems from attempts to mimic African American banjo using a keyboard. [20]
Because the nature of American ragtime is essentially African, it is most often thought of as the first style of American popular music to become truly black music; ragtime brings syncopation and more authentic black sound to popular music. Popular ragtime songs are denoted and sold as sheet music, but the general style is played more informally across the country; this amateur player plays a more free-flowing ragtime form that eventually becomes the main formative influence on jazz. [21]
Maps American popular music
Early popular music recorded
Thomas Edison's discovery of the phonograph cylinder kicked the birth of recorded music. The first cylinder to be released is "Semper Fidelis" by the US Marine Band. Initially, the cylinders were issued sparingly, but as their sales grew more profitable, distribution increased. These early recording songs are a mixture of vaudeville, barbershop quartets, parades, operas, novelty songs, and other popular songs. Many popular standards, such as "The Good Old Summertime", "Shine On Harvest Moon", and "Over There" are from this time. There are also some early hits in the field of jazz, starting with the original Dixieland Jazz Band recording of 1917, and followed by King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, which plays in the more authentic New Orleans jazz style. [22]
Blues have existed for a long time before becoming part of the first explosion of popular music recordings in American history. This happened in the 1920s, when classical blues female singers like Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Mamie Smith grew very popular; The first hit of this field was Blues Blues Mamie Smith. These urban blues singers change the idea of ​​popular music from simple songs that anyone can easily work with, especially those associated with individual singers. Performers like Sophie Tucker, known as "Some of These Days", get very close to their hits, making their individual interpretations as important as the song itself. [23]
At the same time, record companies such as Paramount Records and OKE Records are launching a field of racing music, mostly for African American audiences. The most famous of these acts then inspired many popular developments of the blues and blues genres, including Charley Patton, Lonnie Johnson and Robert Johnson.
Popular Jazz (1920-1935) and swing (1935-1947)
Jazz is a type of music characterized by blue notes, syncopation, swings, calls and responses, polyrhythms, and improvisation. Although originally a kind of dance music, jazz has now been "long regarded as a popular or vernacular type of music (and has also been) into a sophisticated art form that has significantly interacted with music from concert halls".
Paul Whiteman was the leader of the most popular band in the 1920s, and claimed for himself the title "The King of Jazz." Though he hired many of the best other white jazz musicians of that era, the next generation of jazz lovers often judged Whiteman's music to have nothing to do with real jazz. Nevertheless, his idea of ​​combining jazz with elaborate orchestration has been restored to repeatedly by composers and decades later.
Whiteman commissioned Gershwin "Rhapsody in Blue", which debuted by Whiteman's Orchestra. The band Ted Lewis came second after the popularity of Paul Whiteman during the 1920s, and arguably played a more real jazz with less pretensions than Whiteman, especially in the recording of the late 1920s. Other "jazz" bands of the decade include: Harry Reser, Leo Reisman, Abe Lyman, Nat Shilkret, George Olsen, Ben Bernie, Bob Haring, Ben Selvin, Earl Burtnett, Gus Arnheim, Rudy Vallee, Jean Goldkette, Isham Jones , Roger Wolfe Kahn, Sam Lanin, Vincent Lopez, Ben Pollack and Fred Waring.
In the 1920s, the music played by these artists was very popular among the public and was usually labeled as jazz. Today, however, this music is belittled and labeled as "sweet music" by jazz musicians. Music that people think of today as "jazz" tends to be played by minorities. In the 1920s and early 1930s, however, the majority of people listened to what we call today "sweet music" and hardcore jazz categorized as "hot music" or "racing music."
The biggest and most influential record label of the time, The Victor Talking Machine (RCA Victor after 1928) was an influence that hampered the development of "sweet jazz" until Eddie King's departure in October 1926. The king was known as an authoritarian. which will not allow drinking at work or heavy departures from written music, except in solo acceptable by popular music standards at the time. It irritates many Victorian jazz artists, including famous trumpeter Bix Beiderbecke. Sudhalter, in Lost Chords, cites the example of a 1927 recording by Goldkette Orchestra in which musicians allowed considerable freedom, and declared "What, one wonders, would be this performance if Eddie King had come to power, and no more liberally Nat Shilkret Because Victor's big book shows not less than five recording sessions in January and February 1926, when King actually did Goldkette's Orchestra, a comparison between Goldkette and King's approach was available.
In 1935, swing music became popular among the public and quickly replaced jazz as the most popular type of music (though there was some resistance to it initially). Swing music is characterized by a strong rhythm section, usually consisting of double bass and drums, playing in moderate to fast tempo, and rhythmic devices such as swinging notes. Swing is primarily a kind of jazz in the 1930s that blends with elements of blues and pop sensitivity Tin Pan Alley. Diversification and popularization of blues
In addition to the popular jazz and swing music that the American mainstream listens to, there are a number of other genres that are popular among certain groups of people - for example, minorities or rural viewers. Beginning in the 1920s and very quickly in the 1940s, the blues began to rapidly diversify into a broad spectrum of new styles. This includes an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R & B), blending and Anglo-Celtic songs called country music and a hymn and spiritual blend with a blues structure called gospel music. Then from these other styles, in the 1940s, blues, R & amp; B, and the fusion of countries finally called rock and roll developed, finally came to dominate popular Americans in the early 1960s.
Country music is primarily a blend of African American and spiritual blues with Appalachian folk music, adapted for pop audiences and popularized from the 1920s. The most important are Irish and Scottish songs, dance music, ballads and vocal styles, [28] as well as Native American, Spanish, German, French and Mexican music. Early state instrumentation revolves around a European derivative and a banjo derived from Africa, with guitars added later. Instrumentation of country music uses African elements such as call-and-response format, improvised music and syncopation rhythm. Then still, string instruments such as ukulele and steel guitars became commonplace due to the popularity of Hawaiian music in the early 20th century and the influence of musicians such as Sol Ho? Opi? I and Lani McIntyre. The roots of modern country music were generally traced back to 1927, when music talent Ralph Peer recorded Jimmie Rodgers and The Carter Family. Their recordings are considered to be the foundation for modern country music. There was popular music before 1927 that could be considered a country, but, as Ace Collins points out, this recording has a "only marginal and very inconsistent" effect on the national music market, and is just superficially similar to what came to be known as hillbilly music . [30] In addition to Rodgers and Carters, a musician named Bob Wills is an influential early player. known for the so-called Western swing style, which was very popular in the 1920s and 30s, and was responsible for bringing a prominent jazz influence to country music.
Rhythm and blues (R & B) are styles that emerged in the 1930s and 1940s, rhythm forms and uptempo blues with more complex instrumentation. Author Amiri Baraka describes the start of R & amp; B as "a large rhythm unit that strikes the shouting blues singers who have to shout to be heard above the clang and pick various electrification instruments and swirling rhythms. [31] . R & D was recorded during this period, but was not extensive, and was not widely promoted by record companies who felt unsuitable for most audiences, especially middle-class white, because the lyrics suggestion and driving rhythm. [32] Bandleaders like Louis Jordan innovate early sound R & amp; B. Jordan band featuring small horn sections and rhythm instrumentation stand out and use songs with lyrical themes of bluesy. By the late 1940s, he had produced nineteen big hits, and helped pave the way for contemporaries like Wynonie Harris, John Lee Hooker and n Roy Milton.
Christian spirituality and rural blues music are the origin of what is now known as gospel music. Beginning around the 1920s, African-American churches display the early gospel in the form of worshipers who declare their religious devotion ( testify ) in improvised and often musical ways. The modern gospel begins with the work of composers, most importantly Thomas A. Dorsey, who "(fabricated) songs based on the familiar spiritual and hymns, blends with the jazz and rhythm." [33] From the early churches of the 20th century, gospel music spread across the country. It remains in contact almost entirely with African American churches, and usually features a choir along with one or more virtuoso solos.
Rock and roll is a popular type of music, developed mainly overseas, blues and R & amp; B. Easily the only most popular musical style in the whole world, the origins of precise rock and early development have been hotly debated. Music historian Robert Palmer has noted that the influence of this style is quite diverse, and includes Afro-Caribbean "Bo Diddley beat", elements of "big band swing" and Latin music like Cuban son and "Mexican rhythm". [34] Another author, George Lipsitz claims that rocks appear in urban areas of America, where there is a "polyglot, working class culture ) social meanings previously conveyed separately by blues, country, polka, zydeco and Latin music found new expressions as they blended in an urban environment ". [35]
1950s and 1960s
The mid-20th century witnessed a number of very important changes in American popular music. The field of pop music grew rapidly during this period, as the lower prices of recorded music led to greater demand and profits for the recording industry. As a result, music marketing is becoming more and more prominent, resulting in a number of major pop stars whose popularity has not previously been heard. Many of such stars are Italian-American crooners such as Dean Martin, Rudy Vallee, Tony Bennett, Perry Como, Frankie Laine and, most famously, "the first pop singer who gave birth to hysteria among his fans" Frank Sinatra. [36] The era of modern teen pop stars, however, began in the 1960s. Bubblegum pop groups such as The Monkees are singled out for their looks and ability to sell recordings, regardless of musical ability. The same period, however, also saw the emergence of a new form of pop music that achieves a more permanent presence in the field of American popular music, including rock, soul, and pop-folk. In the late 1960s, two developments have completely transformed popular music: the birth of a counter-culture, which explicitly opposes mainstream music, often simultaneously with political and social activism, and the transition from professional composers to players who are both singers and Songwriter..
Rock and roll first entered mainstream popular music through a style called rockabilly , which blends in with the newborn rock sound with the country music element. The previous black-rock and roll had limited mainstream success, and some observers at the time believed that a white player could sing credibly in R & amp; B and country will be successful. Sam Phillips, from Memphis, Tennessee's Sun Records, found such a player at Elvis Presley, who became one of the best-selling musicians in history, and brought rock and roll to a worldwide audience. [37] The success of Presley was preceded by Bill Haley, a white player who "Rock Around the Clock" sometimes points to as the beginning of the rock era. However, Haley's music is "more organized" and "more calculated" than the "more loose rhythm" of rockabilly, which, unlike Haley, does not use saxophone or chorus singing. [38]
R & amp; B remained very popular during the 1950s among black audiences, but the style was not considered suitable for fair-skinned, middle-class blacks, or blacks because of its suggestive nature. Many R & amps songs B popularly performed by white musicians such as Pat Boone, in a more suitable mainstream style, and turned popular. [39] [40] Over time, the producer in the R & B has gradually transformed into more rock-based action such as Little Richard and Fats Domino.
Doo wop is a kind of vocal harmony music performed by groups that became popular in the 1950s. Although sometimes regarded as a rock type, doo wop is more precisely a blend of vocal R & amp; B, gospel and jazz with blues and pop structure, [41] though up to the 1960s, the lines separating the stones from doo wop, R & amp; B and other related styles are very opaque. Doo wop became the first style of R & amp; B-derived "to take shape, to define itself as something known to new, different, strange, theirs " (emphasis in the original).
The 1950s saw a number of short modes which then had a major influence on the style of the music of the future. Performers such as Pete Seeger and The Weavers popularized the form of Anglo-American revival of music in the past. [45] This field was eventually linked to the political left wing and Communism, which caused a decrease in acceptance as more and more blacklisted and criticized artists. Nevertheless, this pop-folk form gave a major influence in the form of folk-rock and related styles in the 1950s. Despite the rather sporadic success of popularized Anglo folk music, a series of Latin dance modes, including mambo, rumba, chachachÃÆ'¡ and boogaloo, emerged. Despite their sporadic and short successes, Latin music continued to exert a continuous influence on rock, soul and other styles, and eventually evolved into salsa music in the 1970s.
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Beginning in the late 1920s, the first distinctive style called "old" music or "hills" began to be broadcast and recorded in the South and Midwest countryside; Early artists included the Carter Family, Charlie Poole and North Carolina Ramblers, and Jimmie Rodgers. The performances and dissemination of this music were regional at first, but the population shift caused by World War II spread more widely. After the war, there has been an increase in interest in particular styles, including what are known as race and music hillbilly; these styles are renamed to rhythm and blues and country and western , respectively. The labels successfully promote two types of state action: New characters like Tex Williams and singers like Frankie Laine, who mix pop and country with conventional sentimental style. This period also sees the emergence of Hank Williams, a white country singer who has learned blues from a black street musician named Tee-Tot, in northwest Alabama. Nashville's voice is a kind of popular country music that emerged in the 1950s, a great popular jazz band blend and swing with honky-tonk state lyricism. [48] The popular success of Hank Williams's recording has convinced record labels that country music can find a mainstream audience. The record company then tries to disarm the rough elements, the bulk-tonk of country music, eliminating the rustic sounds that make it proud that has made Williams famous. The Nashville industry reacts to the rise of rockabilly Elvis Presley by marketing players crossing the border between the state and the pop. Chet Atkins, head of RCA's country music division, did the most to innovate the sound of Nashville by abandoning rough elements of the country, while Owen Bradley used sophisticated production techniques and fine instrumentation that eventually became standard on Nashville Sound, which also evolved to incorporate strings and choir. In the early 1960s, the sound of Nashville was perceived as being weakened by many traditionalist performers and fans, producing a number of local scenes such as the sound of Lubbock and, most influential, the voice of Bakersfield. Throughout the 1950s, the most popular type of country music was Nashville Sound, which was stylish and pop-oriented. Many musicians prefer a more violent sound, leading to the development of Lubbock Sound and Bakersfield Sound. Bakersfield Sound was innovated in Bakersfield, California in the mid to late 1950s, by players like Wynn Stewart, who used elements of Western swing and rock, such as breakbeats, along with tonk tonk vocal styles. He was followed by waves of players like Buck Owens and Merle Haggard, who popularized the style. Soul
Soul music is a combination of R & amp; B and Gospel beginning in the late 1950s in the United States. Soul music is characterized by the use of gospel techniques with greater emphasis on vocalists, and the use of secular themes. The 1950s footage of Sam Cooke, Ray Charles, and James Brown is generally regarded as the beginning of soul music. Early recording of Solomon Burke for Atlantic Records codified the style, and as Peter Guralnick wrote, "just by bringing together Burke and Atlantic Records that you can see something resembling a movement". [50]
The Motown Record Corporation in Detroit, Michigan became a success with a series of pop-influenced soul notes, which are quite suitable for white listeners to enable R & B and soul to cross to mainstream audience. The important soul recording center is Florence, Alabama, where FAME Studios operates. Jimmy Hughes, Percy Sledge and Arthur Alexander were recorded in Fame; then in the 1960s, Aretha Franklin will also record in the area. Fame Studios, often referred to as Muscle Shoals, after the neighboring city of Florence, enjoys a close relationship with Stax, and many musicians and producers working in Memphis also contribute to recordings made in Alabama.
In Memphis, Stax Records produced recordings by the pioneering souls of Otis Redding, Wilson Pickett, and Don Covay. Other Stax artists such as Eddie Floyd and Johnnie Taylor also made significant contributions to soul music. In 1968, soul music movements began to split, such as James Brown and Sly & amp; The Stone Family begins to grow and abstract both soul and rhythm and blues into other forms. Guralnick writes that more "than others... what I think has brought the era of the soul to busyness, stop interrupting is Martin Luther King's death in April 1968". [51]
1960s rock
Among the first of the great new 1960s rock genre was surfing, pioneered by California's Dick Dale. Surfing mostly instrumental and rock-based guitars with distorted and twanging sounds, and is associated with a California Southern surf-based youth culture. Dale has worked with Leo Fender, developing a reinforcement "Showman and... a buzzing unit that will provide surf music with a distinctly blurred sound". [52]
Inspired by the lyrical focus of surfing, if not the basis of music, The Beach Boys began their career in 1961 with a series of songs such as "Surfin 'U.S.A.". Their voices are not instrumental, or guitar-based, but full of "rich, solid and unquestionable" floating vocals "(with) Four Freshman-ish harmony riding on a buzzing and pushing load". The Beach Boys songwriter Brian Wilson grew more gradually more eccentric, experimenting with new studio techniques as he became associated with a counter-culture which is growing.
Contra culture is a youth movement that includes political activism, especially in opposition to the Vietnam War, and the promotion of various hippie ideals. Hippies are mainly associated with two types of music: folk rock and country rock guys like Bob Dylan and Gram Parsons, and psychedelic rock bands like Jefferson Airplane and The Doors. This movement is closely related to the British Invasion, a wave of bands from the British Empire that became popular throughout most of the 1960s. The British invasion initially included bands such as The Beatles, Rolling Stones, and The Zombies who later joined bands like Moody Blues and The Who. The sound of these bands is hard-edged rock, with The Beatles originally known for songs that resemble classical black rock songs by Little Richard, Chuck Berry, Smokey Robinson, The Shirelles and the Isley Brothers. [54] Then, as the race progresses, the Beatles begin using more sophisticated techniques and unusual instruments, such as sitar, as well as more original lyrics.
Folk-rock attracted the mainstream success of sporadic groups such as the Kingston Trio and Almanac Singers, while Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger helped politically radicalize white rural folk music. The popular musician Bob Dylan became famous in the mid-1960s, combining folk with rock and making these newborn scenes closely related to the Rights Movement Civil. He was followed by a number of country-rock bands such as The Byrds and Flying Burrito Brothers and folk-oriented songwriters such as Joan Baez and Joni Mitchell from Canada. However, by the end of the decade, there is little political or social awareness that appears in the lyrics of pop-singer-songwriters like James Taylor and Carole King, whose songs are very personal and emotional.
Psychedelic rock is a rock-hard and driving guitar-based rock type, closely linked to the city of San Francisco, California. Although Jefferson Airplane was the only San Francisco psychedelic band to have a major national hit, with the song "Somebody to Love" and "White Rabbit" in 1967, Grateful Dead, a folk, country and bluegrass-flavored band, "embodied all elements of San Francisco scene and come... to represent counter-culture to the whole country "; The Grateful Dead is also known for introducing counter-culture, and other parts of the country, to the ideas of people like Timothy Leary, especially the use of hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD for spiritual and philosophical purposes. [56]
1970s and 1980s
Following the volatile political, social and musical changes of the 1960s and early 1970s, rock music varies. What was formerly known as rock and roll, a fairly discrete musical style, has evolved into a catchall category called only rock music, an umbrella term that will eventually include a variety of styles such as music heavy metal, punk rock and, sometimes even hip hop music. During the 1970s, however, most of these styles were not part of mainstream music, and thrived in the underground music world.
The early 1970s saw a wave of singer-songwriters drawing introspective, emotional and personal lyrics deep in the 1960s folk-rock. They include James Taylor, Carole King and others, all known simply because of their lyrical ability for their performances. The same period saw the emergence of Southern blues rock and country rock groups such as the Allman Brothers Band and Lynyrd Skynyrd. [57] In the 1970s, soft rock developed, a kind of simple, unobtrusive and mellow pop-rock form, exemplified by bands like American and Bread, most of which are not widely remembered today; many of which are one-hit wonders. [58] In addition, harder arena rock bands such as Chicago and Styx also saw some great success.
The early 1970s saw the emergence of a new style of rough and violent country music, and which quickly became the most popular form of the country. This is a forbidden country, a style that includes major stars like Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings. [59] The breaking country is heavily stone-oriented, and has criminal-focused lyrics, especially drugs and alcohol related, the antics of its players, their hair is long, dressed in denim and leather and looks like hippies in contrast to the clean country singers pushing the sound of Nashville. [60]
In the mid-1970s, discos, a form of dance music, became popular, evolving from underground dance clubs into the mainstream of America. Disco peaked after the release of Saturday Night Fever and the phenomenon around the movie and soundtrack by The Bee Gees. However, the disco's time was short, and in 1980 it was soon replaced by a number of genres that evolved from the punk rock scene, like a new wave. Bruce Springsteen became a major star, first in the mid to late 1970s and then throughout the 1980s, with its dense and incomprehensible lyrics and anthemic songs in tune with the middle and lower classes. [61]
funk and soul of 1970
In the early 1970s, soul music was influenced by psychedelic rock and other styles. The social and political changes of the time inspired artists such as Marvin Gaye and Curtis Mayfield to release long album statements with harsh social commentary. Artists like James Brown lead the soul toward dance-oriented music, which eventually evolves into funk. Funk was marked by 1970s bands such as Parliament-Funkadelic, The Meters, and James Brown himself, while more flexible groups such as War, The Commodores and Earth, Wind and Fire also became popular. During the 1970s, some blue-eyed souls were very slick and behave like Philadelphia's Hall & amp; Oates achieved mainstream success, as well as a new generation of street-soul or soul-like harmony groups such as The Delfonics and Howard University Unives.
In the late 1970s, Philly, funk, rock, and most other genres were dominated by disco-inflected songs. During this period, funk bands like The O'Jays and The Spinners continue to produce hits. After the disco's death in 1980, soul music lasted for a short time before going through another metamorphosis. With the introduction of the effects of electro and funk music, soul music becomes less raw and more slick produced, producing a musical genre called again R & amp; B , usually distinguished from previous rhythms and blues. by identifying it as R & amp; B contemporary.
the 1980s pop
In the 1960s, the term "rhythm and blues" was no longer widely used; on the contrary, terms like soul music are used to describe popular music by black artists. In the 1980s, however, rhythm and blues were re-used, most often in the form of R & amp; B , the usage that continues to this day. Contemporary R & amp; B appeared when a funk-funk singer like Prince became very popular, along with dance-oriented pop stars like Michael Jackson and Madonna. [62]
In the late 1980s, pop-rock consisted mostly of radio-friendly glam metal bands, which used images derived from English glam movements with lyrics and macho attitudes, accompanied by hard rock music and heavy metal virtuosic solo games. Bands from this era include many English groups such as Def Leppard, as well as American bands influenced by heavy metal MÃÆ'¶tley CrÃÆ'¼e, Guns N 'Roses, Bon Jovi and Van Halen. [63]
The mid-1980s also watched the Gospel music see the peak of its popularity. A new form of the Gospel has evolved, called Contemporary Christian Music (CCM). CCM has been around since the late 1960s, and consists of pop/rock sounds with little religious lyrics. The CCM had become the most popular gospel form in the mid-1980s, especially with artists such as Amy Grant, Michael W. Smith, and Kathy Troccoli. Amy Grant was the most popular CCM, and gospel, singer of the 1980s, and after experiencing unprecedented success in CCM, crossed into the pop mainstream in the 1980s and 1990s. Michael W. Smith also achieved great success in CCM before turning to a successful career in pop music as well. Grant will then produce the # 1 first hit CCM hit ("Baby Baby"), and CCM's best selling album ( Heart In Motion ).
In the 1980s, country music charts were dominated by pop singers with only the tangential influence of country music, a trend that has continued ever since. The 1980s saw a revival of honky-tonk-style country with the emergence of the likes of Dwight Yoakam and traditionalist Emmylou Harris and Ricky Skaggs, [64] as well development of alternative country players like Uncle Tupelo. Then alternative country actors, such as Ryan Adams Whiskeytown and Wilco, found some mainstream success.
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During the 1970s, a number of diverse styles emerged very different from mainstream American mainstream music. Although this genre is not very popular in the sense of selling many recordings to mainstream audiences, they are examples of popular music, as opposed to folk or classical music. In the early 1970s, African Americans and Puerto Ricans in New York City developed a hip-hop culture, which produced a style of music also called hip hop. At about the same time, the Latin, especially Cuba and Puerto Rico, in New York also made salsa music innovations, combining many forms of Latin music with R & amp; B and rock. The genre of punk rock and heavy metal was closely related to Great Britain in the 1970s, while various American derivatives evolved later in the decade and into the 1980s. Meanwhile, Detroit is slowly developing a series of electronic music genres such as homes and techno which later became a major part of popular music around the world.
Hip hop
Hip hop is a cultural movement, in which music is part, along with graffiti and breakdance. This music consists of two parts, rap, fast vocal delivery, very rhythmic and lyrical, and DJ, instrumentation production either by sampling, instrumentation, turntablism or beatboxing. [65] Hip hop appeared in the early 1970s in The Bronx, New York City. Jamaican immigrant DJ Kool Herc is widely regarded as a hip hop ancestor; he brings the practice of roasting over the rhythm of popular songs. In New York, DJs like Kool Herc play the recording of popular funk, disco, and rock songs. Emcees originally appeared to introduce the song and keep the audience vibrant and dancing; Over time, the DJs began isolating the percussion break (climax of rhythmic songs), resulting in repeated taps being beaten by MCs.
Rapping includes greetings to friends and enemies, the urge to dance and colorful, often boasting funny. In the early 1980s, there were popular hip-hop songs such as "Rappers Delight" by Sugarhill Gang and some of the big celebrities at the scene, such as LL Cool J and Kurtis Blow. Other appearances experiment with politicized lyrics and social awareness, while others do fusion with jazz, heavy metal, techno, funk and soul. Hip hop began to diversify in the late 1980s. New styles are emerging, such as alternative hip hop and close jazz rap fusion, pioneered by rappers such as De La Soul and Master. The crew of Public Enemy and N.W.A did the most during this era to bring hip hop into national attention; the former did so with burdensome and politically charged lyrics, while the latter became the first leading example of the rap gangsta.
Salsa
Salsa Music is a diverse and predominantly Caribbean music variety that is popular in many Latin American countries. Salsa combines different styles and variations; this term can be used to describe most popular forms of Cuban music genres (such as chachachÃÆ'¡ and mambo). Most specifically, however, the salsa refers to a particular style developed by a mid-1970s group of Cuban and Puerto Rican immigrants from New York City to the United States, and stylistic descendants such as salsa romantica of the 1980s. class = "reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id = "ref_Morales"> [66]
Salsa music always has 4/4 meters. Music is expressed in groups of two bars, using repetitive rhythmic patterns, and the beginning of phrases in song and instrument texts. Typically, the rhythmic pattern played on percussion is rather complicated, often with several different patterns played simultaneously. Clave rhythm is an important element that forms the basis of salsa. In addition to percussion, various melodic instruments are usually used as accompanist, such as guitar, trumpet, trombone, piano, and many others, all depending on the performing artist. Bands are usually divided into horn and rhythm parts, led by one or more singers ( soneros or salseros ). [67]
Punk and alternative rock
Punk is a kind of rebel rock music that began in the 1970s as a reaction to today's popular music - especially the disco, which looks as bland and uninspired. Punk attracted American bands including Velvet Underground, The Stooges and New York Dolls. [68] Punk hard, aggressive and usually very simple, requires a little bit of music training to play. Later in the decade, British bands such as Sex Pistols and The Clash found short-lived fame at home and, to a lesser extent, in the United States. American bands in the field include the most famous The Ramones, as well as groups like Talking Heads that play a more artistic kind of music that is closely related to punk before it finally evolves into a new wave of pop. [69] Other great actions include Blondie, Patti Smith, and Television. Most of the band started off with what was considered "ground zero" from punk rock, a club called CBGB. A small club in New York held a festival in 1975 that featured "top 40 unrecorded rock bands". Among these bands are the previously mentioned The Ramones, Sex Pistols, Blondie and the like.
Hardcore punk was the response of young Americans to the worldwide punk rock explosion in the late 1970s. Hardcore disarms punk rock and New Wave from a sometimes elitist and artsy tendency, producing short, fast, and intense songs that speak to discontented youth. Hardcore exploded in American cities of Los Angeles, Washington, DC, New York and Boston and most American cities had their own local scene in the late 1980s. [70]
Alternative rock is a grouping of diverse rock bands that in America developed most of the hardcore scenes of the 1980s in sharp opposition to the mainstream music world. Subgenre alternative rock that developed during this decade include indie rock, Gothic rock, rock noise, grunge, and rock college. Most of the alternative bands were united by their collective debt to punk, which laid the groundwork for underground and alternative music in the 1970s. Although this genre is considered rock, some styles are influenced by the American people, reggae and jazz. Like punk and hardcore, alternative rocks had little mainstream success in America in the 1980s, but through the formation of grassroots from indie scenes through touring, campus radio, fanzines, and word-of-mouth, alternative bands laid the groundwork for breakthrough inner genres awareness of the American public in the next decade.
Heavy metal
Heavy metalHeavy metal is a musical form characterized by aggressive rhythms, distorted driving and distorted guitars, generally with magnificent lyrics and virtuoso instrumentation. Heavy metal is the development of blues, blues rock, rock and prog rock. Its origins lie in British hard rock bands that between 1967 and 1974 took on blues and rock and created hybrids with heavy, guitar-and-drum-centered sounds. Most of the pioneers on the ground, such as Black Sabbath, are British, although many are inspired by American artists such as Blue Cheer and Jimi Hendrix.
In the early 1970s, the first major American bands began to appear, such as Blue ÃÆ'-yster Cult and Aerosmith, and musicians like Eddie Van Halen started their careers. However, heavy metals remain an underground phenomenon. During the 1980s, pop-based hard rock forms, with the spirit of glamor-influenced visual parties and aesthetics (sometimes referred to as "hair metal") dominated the music charts, led by superstars like Poison, Bon Jovi, MÃÆ'Â mend tread CrÃÆ'¼e, and Ratt. The 1987 Guns N 'Roses debut, a hard rock band whose image bounces off the bottom of the Sunset Strip, is at least partly a reaction to the overly polished image of hair metal, but the band's wild success in many ways is the last breath of the hard rock scene and metal. In the mid-1980s, when the term "heavy metal" became the subject of much contestation, the force branched out in different directions so that new classifications were created by fans, record companies, and fanzines, although sometimes the differences between the various subgenres are unclear, artists who are said to belong in a certain style. The most prominent of the subgenre metal of the 1980s in the United States is a fast and aggressive thrash metal style, pioneered by bands like Anthrax, Megadeth, Metallica, and Slayer.
1990s
Perhaps the most important change in the 1990s in American popular music was the emergence of alternative rock through the popularity of grunge. This was previously an explicitly anti-mainstream genre grouping that became popular in the early 1990s. The genre in the early stages is mostly located in Sub Pop Records, a company founded by Bruce Pavitt and John Poneman. Significant grunge bands signed for the label are Green River (half of the band members will later become the founding members of Pearl Jam), Sonic Youth (although not their grunge bands are influential on the grunge band and in fact it is because of the insistence of Kim Gordon that Company David Geffen signed Nirvana) and Nirvana. Grunge is an alternative rock subgenre with the sound of â € Å"dark, brooding guitar-based sludgeâ €, [71] drawing on heavy metal, punk, and elements from bands like Sonic Youth and their use of "unconventional tuning to bend standard pop songs unless completely unformed." [72] With the addition of "Melodic, Beatlesque elements" to the sound of bands like Nirvana, grunge became very popular throughout the United States. [73] Grunge became commercially successful in the early 1990s, peaking between 1991 and 1994. Bands from cities in the Northwest Pacific The US in particular Seattle, Washington, is responsible for creating grunge and then making it popular among mainstream audiences. The supposed X generation, which has just reached maturity when the popularity of grunge peaks, is closely related to grunge, a voice that helps "determine the despair of that generation." Then Post Grunge bands like Foo Fighters and Creed became popular forms of Alternative rock because of that and are still very radio friendly unlike the music-influenced Grunge band they. Pop punk bands such as Green Day and Blink 182 are also gaining popularity. In the second half of the 1990s nu metal appeared with bands like Linkin Park, Korn, Limp Bizkit and Slipknot. Independent cultures fall asleep in underground scenes with new genres such as lo-fi (Beck, Sparklehorse, Guided By Voices), rock mathematics (Slint, Shellac) and post-rock (Mogwai, Explosions in the Sky). Emocore and Post-hardcore became better known for bands like At the Drive-In and Fugazi.
Gangsta rap is a kind of hip hop, most importantly characterized by a lyrical focus on macho sexuality, physical and dangerous criminal images. Although the origins of rap gangsta can be traced back to the mid-1980s Philadelphia Schoolly D and West Coast's Ice-T, this style is usually said to have started in the Los Angeles and Oakland areas, where Too Short, the NWA and others find their fame. This West Coast rap scene spawned the early 1990's G-funk sound, which paired gangsta rap lyrics with a thick and fuzzy tone, often relying on samples from the 1970s P-funk; the most notable supporters of this voice are the groundbreaking pioneers of Dr. Dre and Snoop Doggy Dogg.
2000s
In the late 1990s and into the early 2000s pop music consisted mostly of pop-hip hop and pop R & amp; B-tinged, including a number of boy bands. Famous female singers also reinforce their status in popular American and worldwide music, such as Beyoncà ©  © (with her solo career and as lead singer Destiny's Child), Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Katy Perry, Lady Gaga and Taylor Swift. Also notable was the influence of hip-hop producers on popular music in the mid-2000s, which made the first sound heard on Usher's Confessions and Nelly Furtado's Loose emulated across popular radio with artist Madonna, Akon and Lady Gaga. In the late 2000s to early 2010, pop music began to move in the direction of Europe's most influential electronic dance world, entrenched in the college crowd through producers like David Guetta, Calvin Harris, the Swedish House Mafia, and Skrillex.
The combination of hip hop/pop also began to dominate the 2000s and early 2010s. In early 2010, renowned artists such as Bruno Mars, Drake, Lil Wayne, 2 Chainz, Kendrick Lamar, Machine Gun Kelly, and Macklemore began to dominate mainstream music.
The dominant voice in country music of the 1990s was a pop with only a very limited state element. This includes many best-selling artists of the 1990s, such as Clint Black, Shania Twain, Faith Hill, and the first of these crossover stars, Garth Brooks. [75]
On the other hand the rise of the guitar occurs and evokes a new generation of alternative guitar bands that are often portrayed as a post-punk revival or garage rock revival. The leading US bands of this generation are White Stripes, The Strokes, and The Killers. New Weird America or sometimes called Freak Folk is a new movement that emphasizes the artistic individuality of g
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